Energy in Poland: Present State and Future Outlook

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

A comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emissions-energy profile in Kuwait: Status quo versus 2030

This paper identifies and examines the latest research on renewable energy in Poland, reviewing articles published between 2021 and 2023 indexed in the Scopus database. It analyzes 124 papers, categorizing them into 11 thematic areas which include (1) energy production, (2) energy consumption, (3) energy policy, (4) sustainable development activities, (5) technology and engineering, (6) energy storage, (7) powering vehicles, (8) awareness and attitude regarding energy, (9) finances and investments, (10) emission, and (11) other. The main objective was to analyze the state of the current research on renewables in Poland. The results highlight significant progress in renewable energy capacity, particularly in wind and solar power, driven by national policies, EU funding, and growing public support. The analysis also reveals persistent challenges related to technology, infrastructure, and policy. The authors critically evaluate the research’s relevance to Poland’s energy sector and globally. They also refer to issue of non-renewable energy sources, which, despite the development of the RES sector, still play a dominant role in the Polish energy economy. Due to this, the article not only describes the state of knowledge, but also formulates conclusions on the real needs and opportunities for the further development of energy in Poland.

Since 1987, the concept of sustainable development, which tries to combine economic, social and environmental concerns into one benign development model, has become increasingly popular worldwide. To explore and explain the differences in accomplishing sustainable development, this thesis looks at one specific aspect: the energy sectors in the United States and the European Union. After giving an overview on the political and theoretical aspects of sustainable development, the various sustainability dimensions in the energy sector are explored. The following four reasons which warrant the change of the current fossil fuel intense energy sector are discussed: first, air pollution; second, insecurity of energy supplies; third, ultimate exhaustion of fossil fuels; and finally, climate change. Following the development of the methodology, various statistical tests are performed using a variety of indicators. Using Wilcoxon?s rank sum test significant differences between the U.S. and the EU energy sectors are discovered in energy intensity, carbon dioxide emissions, as well as per capita energy consumption in the various energy end-use sectors. Afterwards, a Sustainable Energy Index (SEI) is developed identifying Austria, Sweden and Finland as having the most sustainable and Wyoming, Alaska and West Virginia as having the least sustainable energy sectors. In addition, through regression analysis, energy intensity, share of renewables and energy consumption in the transportation sector are determined to have the greatest impact on carbon dioxide emissions. After the discussion of the SEI policy recommendations are developed, whose prompt implementation is desirable given the global rise in energy consumption and the negative consequences of climate change. Finally, a conclusion is drawn that no country or state has yet achieved a sustainable energy sector. Nonetheless, it was observed that, in general, European Countries scored better than American States, which can be attributed to better energy and environmental policies.

Purpose: The primary objective of this study is to empirically assess the progress of Poland's energy transition from 2012 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a multidimensional approach using multi- criteria analytical methods. Specifically, the CRITIC and TOPSIS methods were utilized. The CRITIC method was applied to determine the weights of selected indicators that characterize Poland's energy transition process. These indicators include key parameters such as energy efficiency, the share of renewable energy sources in total production, greenhouse gas emissions, and electricity costs. Subsequently, the TOPSIS method was used to develop an index for assessing Poland's energy transition from 2012 to 2022. This index allows for the evaluation of the changes implemented in each year within the study period. Findings: The results indicate that Poland has made significant progress in the energy transformation of its economy. The value of the Energy Transformation Assessment Index has markedly increased in 2022 compared to 2012. This improvement reflects the consistent and effective implementation of pro-environmental policies and measures aimed at the sustainable development of both the energy sector and the national economy as a whole. Practical implications: The developed evaluation methodology offers a universal approach to determining a country's energy efficiency, which can be successfully applied to any country. By utilizing advanced multi-criteria decision analysis methods, this approach considers a broad range of criteria, including energy efficiency, the share of renewable energy sources, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, economic costs, and societal impact. Its versatility allows it to be used for evaluating both individual countries and groups of countries. Originality/value: This paper introduces a novel approach by using MCDM-type methods to assess the effectiveness of a single country's energy transition process. This comprehensive approach provides a holistic assessment of the energy transition, encompassing dimensions of energy security, economic performance, environmental impact, and social outcomes. Keywords: energy transition, process efficiency, energy policy, MCDM methods, multi- criteria analysis. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Observed climate changes and growing competitiveness in international markets prompt the search for environmentally friendly and cheap energy sources. Poland's current energy policy is, however, quite conservative, emphasizing the leading role of coal in ensuring energy security. Consequently, the main goals set for the country's energy policy deviate significantly from EU guidelines. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the assumptions of Poland's energy policy and to indicate selected solutions that can effectively increase the supply of clean energy. The paper primarily highlights the untapped potential for the development of photovoltaic installations and wind energy.

Per capita energy consumption is a crucial indicator for assessing the level of development and energy needs of communities in any region. This research aims to group Indonesian provinces based on their average per capita energy consumption in 2014-2024. The method used is the K-Means Clustering algorithm, an effective data mining technique for identifying hidden patterns and structures in numerical data. The data utilized consists of per capita energy consumption values from each province, which were then processed and analyzed to form several clusters of provinces with similar energy consumption characteristics. The results of the clustering process show that Indonesian provinces can be grouped into three main clusters: provinces with low, medium, and high consumption levels. These findings can serve as a reference for the government in designing more targeted and equitable energy policies, as well as a basis for strategic decision-making in the energy sector and regional development. This study concludes that Indonesia's provincial per capita energy consumption varies significantly across regions and over time, and such variation can be systematically grouped into three distinct clusters—low, medium, and high consumption—using the K-Means Clustering algorithm. The analysis of data from 2018 to 2024, consisting of 238 records across 34 provinces, shows that the majority of provinces (135 out of 238 entries) fall into the medium consumption cluster, with an average of 2,075.85 kcal/capita/day, indicating a relatively stable and balanced energy use that aligns with national standards. In contrast, Cluster 0 represents provinces with lower energy consumption, averaging 1,878.93 kcal, often linked to limited access to modern energy sources and lower economic activity. Meanwhile, Cluster 2, with the highest average of 2,248.75 kcal, comprises industrialized or highly urbanized provinces with more intensive energy needs.

Water saving potentials and possible trade-offs for future food and energy supply

The paper presents an analysis of the role of interest groups in Poland's energy policy in the context of the EU climate and energy policy. The main aim of the analysis is to try to answer the question of who shapes the Polish energy policy, which stakeholders have the greatest impact on, who are the key players, and what kind of interest intermediation system has developed in the energy sector. Poland's energy mix is dominated by coal, which results from the ownership structure in the energy sector, strong influence of conventional (coal) energy companies and centralization of energy policy. The interests of coal energy companies are protected by the government both in Poland and at the EU level. The research puts forward a thesis that Polish energy policy is co-shaped by conventional energy companies, which leads to their monopolistic position and the formation of a neocorporatist model with elements of statism, and the process of illiberal backlash and creeping authoritarianism further strengthens their role. Privileging the interests of the state-owned energy companies hampers the process of energy transition in Poland, which is contrary to the EU's climate and energy policy.

In common with many nations undergoing a nutrition transition, micronutrient deficiencies, undernutrition and overnutrition coexist in The Gambia. Addressing these challenges simultaneously would require transformational changes in the country's food system. However, the evidence base that would enable informed decision-making in the Gambian food system has been scant, despite several sources of routinely-collected data being available. This descriptive study brings together data from four open-access global databases on food supply, political, economic, and demographic variables, and nutrition and health between 1990 and 2017 to study potential leverage points for improvement in the food system. It compares trends in food supply and nutritional outcomes in The Gambia against regional and global averages, and identifies potential drivers taken from a food systems framework. The data show that, over the past three decades, total energy supply has increased, and obesity is rising quickly, but iron deficiency persists in a proportion of the population. Overall diet composition is poor, with lower availability of fruit and vegetables and higher supply of sugar and oils compared to regional and global averages. Domestic production is low for most food groups and so a high dependence on imports from other countries bridges the gap in terms of energy supply. Measures of economic development, particularly GDP, were positively related with supply of cereals and animal source foods over time, but no such relationship was observed with fruit and vegetable supply. Food system policy to improve nutrition and health outcomes in The Gambia needs to focus on improving the diversity of food supply – especially fruit and vegetables - and maximizing national domestic production to reduce reliance on food imports. The use of open-source global datasets can be feasible in exploring food system characteristics and trends at the national level and could be applied in other contexts.

Problem statement: During the last few years in Malaysia, the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere has been rising extensively. The main source of CO2 is power source of automobile and industry that are contributing the main role for these CO2 emissions. But these sectors are also very important for economic growth and developments. The aim of this study is to examine the current status and identify the future trend of energy demand and supply and its impacts on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Approach: The data for analysis was obtained from the secondary sources. Results: The study discovered that the highest proportion of CO2 emissions comes from energy sector. The future trend of energy demand and supply was estimated by the forecasting polynomial curve fitting method. The increase rate of energy supply and demand can rich up to 170 and 160% respectively during the year 2020 if the current situation last long. The study showed a linear trend of increasing intensity of energy and CO2 emission with respect to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by the year 2020. Conclusion: A significant share of CO2 emissions can be avoided through improved energy efficiency while providing the same or higher level of energy services. In this regard, greater use of energy efficient, renewable energy and green technologies or options and behavioural changes can substantially reduce CO2 emissions from the energy sector.

The paper relevance is stipulated by significance of energy supply of the non-manufacturing sector to improve quality of population living. Difficulties in modeling and forecasting of energy demand in this sector of the economy are explained by the necessity to consider a great number of competing factors and relations between the economy, energy sector and technological progress. One of the ways to overcome these difficulties is to identify objectively existing trends and regularities in the interrelated development of the economy and energy demand in the residential sector and service industry. The key long-term trends in energy demand by the nonmanufacturing sector in the most developed world countries and their peculiar manifestation in Russia are analyzed. The methodological approach and model to forecasting of the per capita energy consumption in the non-manufacturing sector in Russia are briefly described. The forecasts of the per capita energy consumption in the non-manufacturing sector are presented as a function of the economic development level.

Wind power generation is the most dynamically developing branch of renewable energy sector in Poland. The high price of coal and its negative environmental impact result in ever growing support for the renewable energy in the energy sector. Wind power industry produces clean energy, but costs of investments are very high. Process of creating a wind farm is very long and complicated. It requires the knowledge of many disciplines such as law, economics, energetic. The aim of this paper was study the state and the development of the wind power sector, especially wind farm in Poland. The economic analysis on investment in wind farm in Poland according to a new act on renewable energy sources was presented. The subject of this analysis was to estimate profitability of wind farm project 40 MW capacity. The analysis includes the comparison of various support systems - the system of green certificates and the new - auction model on the profitability of investment in wind farm. This aims to show how important is appropriate government support for producers of green energy words.

Energy Supply and Decarbonisation Beyond Brexit: Politics and Policy

The current conditions of global development actualize the need for political actors to form a high level of energy security. It expands the state's ability to ensure the sustainability of economic development and the ability to withstand likely threats. The issue of energy security and sovereignty are key on the agenda of the EU, which seeks to implement a strategy of global leadership. The environmental modernization of the EU energy sector and each member state must comply with the main goal of «The European Green Deal», which is to reduce carbon emissions by 55% before 2030. The subject of the study is the substance and peculiarities of the formation of energy security in Poland. The aim of the study is to analyze the mechanisms of energy security of Poland in the context of EU environmental initiatives. Research methodology: systematic approach, method of analysis and comparison. The issue of energy security is recognized as key in achieving sustainable economic development in Poland. The content and basic principles of state energy security are presented in the National Security Strategy and detailed in the Energy Policy. Among the main directions of ecological modernization of the energy sector the following have been identified: efficient consumption of national energy resources; modernization of the energy sector and infrastructure; diversification of natural gas, oil, liquid fuel supplies; optimization of energy market functioning; construction of nuclear power plants; expansion of alternative energy sources; modernization of heating and co-generation energy systems; increasing energy efficiency. Polish officials have emphasized the need for a three-phase energy transition, involving a reduction in the production and use of coal, a gradual increase in the share of natural gas and the expansion of opportunities to use energy from alternative sources. The modernization of Poland's energy sector correlates with the implementation of «The European Green Deal» and other EU environmental initiatives. Energy sovereignty is secured through domestic and foreign financial assistance. The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Poland attracts investments in environmental projects related to the development of geothermal energy and improvement of infrastructure energy efficiency. EU special funds (European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund, Cohesion Fund, Just Transition Fund and Modernization Fund) provide funding for national or regional projects aimed at the comprehensive modernization of the Polish energy sector and the implementation of commitments to achieve climate neutrality. Poland pursues an active policy of cooperation in the energy sphere with other states – Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Projects such as "Baltic Pipe" and "The Baltic Synchronisation Project" are in the active implementation phase. The results of the study: energy security is a key factor in the sustainability of economic development of Poland, the implementation of the modernization of the national energy complex correlates with the EU environmental initiatives, which contributes to the attraction of domestic and foreign investment, as well as the resources of public diplomacy.