Abstract
Flash floods are deemed the most fatal and disastrous natural hazards globally due to their prompt onset that requires a short prime time for emergency response. Cognitive Internet of things (CIoT) technologies including inherent characteristics of cognitive radio (CR) are potential candidates to develop a monitoring and early warning system (MEWS) that helps in efficiently utilizing the short response time to save lives during flash floods. However, most CIoT devices are battery-limited and thus, it reduces the lifetime of the MEWS. To tackle these problems, we propose a CIoT-based MEWS to slash the fatalities of flash floods. To extend the lifetime of the MEWS by conserving the limited battery energy of CIoT sensors, we formulate a resource assignment problem for maximizing energy efficiency. To solve the problem, at first, we devise a polynomial-time heuristic energy-efficient scheduler (EES-1). However, its performance can be unsatisfactory since it requires an exhaustive search to find local optimum values without consideration of the overall network energy efficiency. To enhance the energy efficiency of the proposed EES-1 scheme, we additionally formulate an optimization problem based on a maximum weight matching bipartite graph. Then, we additionally propose a Hungarian algorithm-based energy-efficient scheduler (EES-2), solvable in polynomial time. The simulation results show that the proposed EES-2 scheme achieves considerably high energy efficiency in the CIoT-based MEWS, leading to the extended lifetime of the MEWS without loss of throughput performance.
Highlights
Global warming at alarming levels is stimulating a wide variety of factors that cause flash floods [1]
The actual throughput of a single sub-channel is defined as the maximum number of bits that can be transmitted by a single Cognitive Internet of things (CIoT) sensor on a single sub-channel during a frame dration
If no sub-channel is assigned to a CIoT sensor by the smart base station (SBS) in a frame, the corresponding CIoT sensor goes into the idle state after the control messaging time duration
Summary
Global warming at alarming levels is stimulating a wide variety of factors that cause flash floods [1]. On the abrupt release of the obstruction, the wreckage carried by an excessive volume of water triggers astringent damage to the life and property downstream In such situations, there is a fleeting time to caution the populace aboutsudden floods. The studies reveal that incorporation of the CR capability into IoT devices and networks substantially improves spectral efficiency by using dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and opportunistic transmission capabilities [3,4,6]. They suggest that the benefits of IoT without cognitive functionalities such as CR and intelligence techniques are limited [4]. Efficient utilization of battery energy for CIoT devices is crucial in network design It can provide cost-effectiveness and extended network lifetime as well as reduced environmental concerns
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