Abstract
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a type of self-organizing networks with limited energy supply and communication ability. One of the most crucial issues in WSNs is to use an energy-efficient routing protocol to prolong the network lifetime. We therefore propose the novel Energy-Efficient Load Balancing Ant-based Routing Algorithm (EBAR) for WSNs. EBAR adopts a pseudo-random route discovery algorithm and an improved pheromone trail update scheme to balance the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. It uses an efficient heuristic update algorithm based on a greedy expected energy cost metric to optimize the route establishment. Finally, in order to reduce the energy consumption caused by the control overhead, EBAR utilizes an energy-based opportunistic broadcast scheme. We simulate WSNs in different application scenarios to evaluate EBAR with respect to performance metrics such as energy consumption, energy efficiency, and predicted network lifetime. The results of this comprehensive study show that EBAR provides a significant improvement in comparison to the state-of-the-art approaches EEABR, SensorAnt, and IACO.
Highlights
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are self-managed network systems, which consist of numerous distributed sensor nodes [1], [2]
We present an Energy-Efficient Load Balancing Ant-based Routing Algorithm (EBAR) for Wireless Sensor Networks which overcomes the limitations of the existing approaches
2: sink node creates backward ant toward source node 3: while source node is not reached at each node i receiving the backward ant do 4: select the hop following the reverse path 5: calculates the pheromone increment τij according to (9) 6: updates the pheromone trail τij according to (8) 7: end while increment of pheromone value attached to the link (i, j)
Summary
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are self-managed network systems, which consist of numerous distributed sensor nodes [1], [2]. Energy-efficiency is a very important feature of a routing protocol for WSNs, needed to extend the network lifetime and to improve the communication performance and receives much research attention. We have continued our research on this topic and here can contribute the following significant improvements: 1) A novel pseudo-random proportional routing discovery algorithm is developed, which speeds up the algorithm convergence while maintaining a balanced energy load. This new algorithm combines the following three novel components into one protocol.
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