Abstract
Underwater deployed sensors nodes are energy-constrained. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes crucial in underwater wireless sensor networks (U-WSNs). The adverse channel corrupts the packets and challenges their reliability. To handle these challenges, two routing schemes are introduced in this paper. They are effective energy and reliable delivery (EERD) and cooperative effective energy and reliable delivery (CoEERD). In EERD, the packets follow single-path routing and the best forwarder node is selected using a weight function such that packets are transferred via the reliable paths with low energy usage. Packet transfer via a single route in EERD has, however, compromised reliability as the undersea links bear harshness and unpredictability. Therefore, the CoEERD scheme adds cooperative routing to EERD, in which a relay node is introduced between a source–destination pair. The destination requests the relay when the packets it gets from the source are corrupted beyond a threshold value. Selection of weight function is unique and considers many factors to ensure low energy usage with reliability while considering nodes for data transfer. This also helps in selecting a single relay node rather than many relays in the conventional cooperative routing model. Based on simulation results, the EERD and CoEERD protocols have improved performance in energy usage, reliable packet transfer and delay.
Highlights
Ocean covers more than 70% of the surface area of Earth
Simulation of energy and reliable delivery (EERD) and cooperative effective energy and reliable delivery (CoEERD) schemes and their comparison with the cooperative depth base routing (CoDBR) and optimized depth base routing (ODBR) is the subject of this section
The cooperation of the single relay nodes (RLNs) node with the DSN in the CoEERD scheme reduces the number of contributing nodes, which consumes minimum energy and they remain alive for a long time to forward the packets
Summary
Ocean covers more than 70% of the surface area of Earth. There are various applications related to the ocean environment such as scientific exploration and surveillance of the sea [1]. To design the routing protocols for U-WSNs, it is necessary to identify the challenges of this channel: low battery power, time-varying channel, and low allowable bandwidth [10,11] Another important issue faced by underwater communication is network reliability. The existing optimized depth base routing (ODBR) is basically a single-path routing scheme, which considers only local depth information for the selection of data advancer node [13]. This information is not adequate to specify the position of the nodes. BER, and lowest distance is considered to be DSN, which is the highest priority node for information packet forwarding in the network. This process is continued unless the information packets reach the sink
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