Energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions from urban passenger transportation versus availability of renewable energy: The example of the Canadian Lower Fraser Valley

The effect of transportation policies on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission from urban passenger transportation

Potential of renewable energy alternatives in Australia

Relationship between level of economic development and motorcycle and car ownerships and their impacts on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission in Thailand

Crises over energy resources has challenged system operators to look for new energy resources with higher efficiency and less pollutants. One of the new technologies that has been focused much more recently is hub energy system. These systems usually include local renewable and non-renewable energy resources to supply energy demands with different types. In detail, these systems benefit from combined heat and power systems that guarantee efficient utilization of heat and electricity. Furthermore, renewable energy resources can be integrated with other resources to help hub system generate clean energy but with considering severe uncertainty of renewable generation, supply side management becomes important. One of the available options for supply side management is energy storage system. In this chapter, compressed air energy storage system (CAES) has been employed to handle fluctuating generation of local renewable units in the hub energy system. Also, electrical load has been capable of participating in demand response programs (DRP) to gain economic and environmental benefits. A sample renewable-based hub energy system has been evaluated in this chapter and the results obtained from related simulations are presented for comparison.

The problem of the energy harvesting to face the more and more increasing energy demand is currently challenging. The higher part of our electrical energy (about 80%) is produced by thermoelectrical power plants, which exploit the so-called Non-renewable energy resources (e.g. oil and gas), whose re-growth rate lasts millions of years and are so to be considered as in a fixed amount. On the other hand, the Renewable energy resources are not reduced by their exploitation. For instance, solar and wind energy are obviously both permanent renewable resources, because the energy flow is lower than the energy storage, contrary to the oil resource, where the flow exceeds its natural re-growth rate. Recalling that the renewable energy resources are not able to cover the energy needs (they are often used for the Peak Shaving and not to cover the basis energy demand), it is clear that a new energy resource is necessary to meet the increased energy demand. Moreover, it has to be non-polluting, renewable and continuously available with no interruptions (unlike solar and wind energy, which are affected by the presence of sunlight and wind). This new energy source can be the Nuclear Fusion Energy, a new kind of energy resource that exploits the energy released by the collision and the fusion of two light atoms (such as hydrogen or its isotopes), according to Einstein equation and the mass-energy balance. Although controlled fusion is extremely technologically challenging, a fusion power plant would offer significant advantages over the existing renewable and non-renewable energy sources, such as the practically infinite fuel supply, the absence or air pollution or greenhouses gas during normal operations and the absence of the risk of a nuclear meltdown. The collision of two nuclei can occur if and only if their kinetic energy is high enough to overcome the energy barrier opposing the fusion reaction, due to the long-range Coulomb repulsion. Therefore, the hydrogen gas is heated up to very high temperatures (one hundred million degrees and even more), reaching the Plasma state. Because of this temperature range, the plasma must be confined and must not touch any structure, in order to avoid yielding heat loads as well as mechanical loads. The Tokamak is a fusion machine aimed at the plasma confinement by means of a magnetic field generated by a set of coils surrounding the plasma itself. In principle, the plasma is supposed to be toroidal shaped during normal operations, but this symmetrical condition is ideal, because of many effects which may lead to a non-axisymmetric perturbation of the plasma column. For these reasons, this PhD thesis is devoted to the analysis of some non-axisymmetric plasma perturbations, their effects during the plasma operations and their modelling. The PhD thesis is divided as follows: 1. The first chapter is a brief overview of the main principles the controlled thermonuclear fusion is based on, focusing on the plasma confinement inside a tokamak, the additional heating and the roadmap towards the fusion energy. 2. The second chapter describes the diamagnetic flux evaluation in ITER tokamak for the estimation of the poloidal beta in the presence of non-axisymmetric effects. In particular, the COMPFLUX procedure used for the analysis is presented, then the effects of the main three-dimensional effects are evaluated and the performance of the compensation system is assessed. 3. The third chapter shows the electromechanical effects due to non-axisymmetric halo currents in ITER tokamak. After discussing the mathematical model, the mechanical effects in terms of forces and torques on the structures surrounding the plasma are evaluated. 4. The fourth chapter is devoted to the flux-density field lines tracing and to the identification of non-axisymmetric plasmas. The mathematical model and the procedures developed for the analysis are presented. Afterwards, the standard and geometrical integrators are compared with reference to test cases for which analytical solutions based on the use of Clebsch potentials are available. Finally, the field line tracing technique is used for the non-axisymmetric plasma boundary reconstruction and a novel technique for the 3-D plasma identification is presented and validated. 5. The fifth chapter reports the main conclusions regarding all the topics dealt with this PhD thesis.

The objectives of this study were to prepare a summary report that examines the opportunities for and obstacles to the integration of renewable energy resources in the Southeast between now and the year 2030. The report, which is based on a review of existing literature regarding renewable resources in the Southeast, includes the following renewable energy resources: wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, biomass, and tidal. The evaluation was conducted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Energy Foundation and is a subjective review with limited detailed analysis. However, the report offers a best estimate of the magnitude, time frame, and cost of deployment of renewable resources in the Southeast based upon the literature reviewed and reasonable engineering and economic estimates. For the purposes of this report, the Southeast is defined as the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. In addition, some aspects of the report (wind and geothermal) also consider the extended Southeast, which includes Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. A description of the existing base of renewable electricity installations in the region is given for each technology considered. Where available, the possible barriers and other considerations regarding renewable energy resources are listed in terms of availability, investment and maintenance costs, reliability, installation requirements, policies, and energy market. As stated above, the report is a comprehensive review of renewable energy resources in the southeastern region of United States based on a literature study that included information obtained from the Southern Bio-Power wiki, sources from the Energy Foundation, sources available to ORNL, and sources found during the review. The report consists of an executive summary, this introductory chapter describing report objectives, a chapter on analysis methods and the status of renewable resources, chapters devoted to each identified renewable resource, and a brief summary chapter. Chapter 2 on analysis methods and status summarizes the benefits of integrating renewable energy resources in the Southeast. The utilization of the existing fuels, both the fossil fuels and the renewable energy resources, is evaluated. The financial rewards of renewable resources are listed, which includes the amount of fuel imported from outside the Southeast to find the net benefit of local renewable generation, and both the typical and new green job opportunities that arise from renewable generation in the Southeast. With the load growth in the Southeast, the growth of transmission and fossil fuel generation may not meet the growing demands for energy. The load growth is estimated, and the benefits of renewable resources for solving local growing energy demands are evaluated. Chapters 3-7 discuss the key renewable energy resources in the Southeast. Six resources available in this region that are discussed are (1) wind, including both onshore and offshore; (2) solar, including passive, photovoltaic, and concentrating; (3) biomass energy, including switchgrass, biomass co-firing, wood, woody biomass, wood industry by-products (harvesting residues, mill waste, etc.), agricultural byproducts, landfill gas to energy and anaerobic digester gas; (4) hydro; and (5) geothermal. Because of limited development, ocean wave and tidal were not considered to be available in significant quantity before 2030 and are not presented in the final analysis. Estimates on the location of potential megawatt generation from these renewable resources in the Southeast are made. Each chapter will describe the existing base of the renewable electricity installations in the region now and, when available, the base of the existing manufacturing capacity in the region for renewable energy resources hardware and software. The possible barriers and considerations for renewable energy resources are presented.

Power sector renewable energy integration for expanding access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa

Renewable energy has become the world’s fastest growing energy source as a direct result of increasing concerns about the environmental damage that is being caused by fossil fuel and nuclear energy use. With the exception of large-scale hydro, however, very little of Australia’s electricity is supplied from renewable energy. Due to our lack of experience with the use of most renewable energy technologies and the associated lack of knowledge regarding their true potential, doubts remain as to how much electricity could be generated or displaced by renewable energy. Although renewable energy industries in Australia have recently begun to experience strong growth, this growth could be curtailed if there is a lack of faith in the potential for renewable energy. The aim of this study is to further our understanding of the potential for renewable energy to contribute to electricity supply in Australia. This aim is achieved through the development and demonstration of methodologies for estimating potential electricity production from key renewable energy resources. The study demonstrates how methodologies for assessing the potential contribution of key renewable energy resources to electricity supply in Australia can be developed utilising a spatial assessment of important resource variables within the context of plausible utilisation of renewable energy resources. A literature review provides the basis for an assessment of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of renewable energy for electricity supply in Australia. The range of different renewable energy technologies is canvassed, brief descriptions of the technologies are presented and an appraisal is made of their commercial development status. The extent to which different renewable energy technologies have been utilised for electricity supply in Australia and prospects for near-future developments are described. Scenario analysis is used to provide insights into future development paths for renewable energy. This assists in the identification of key renewable energy technologies that will be examined in more detail and it helps in the setting of parameters for assessments of these technologies. Three scenarios are presented and these provide a framework for an analysis of possible contributions by renewable energy to electricity supply in Australia. Of those technologies that could potentially make significant contributions to electricity supply in the near term, utility scale wind energy, domestic rooftop photovoltaics (rooftop BIPV) and domestic solar hot water (SHW) stand out as being key technologies where further research in relation to resource assessment would be beneficial. The dispersed nature of the resource bases utilised by these technologies has made it difficult to assess how much electricity they could generate or displace. Conventional methods of assessing electricity generation or displacement, based upon project or site-specific analyses, have not proven amenable to analyses of the total amount of electricity that could be generated or displaced by these technologies throughout Australia. Therefore, alternative methods for assessing the potential of these technologies are needed. New models for analysing wind, BIPV and SHW performance are developed in this study. These models demonstrate the application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for wind, BIPV and SHW resource mapping. Wind energy maps for Australia are created showing actual wind speeds suitable for use at elevations appropriate for wind turbines. These maps represent significant advances over traditional wind atlases used in other nations due to their presentation of estimated actual wind speeds, rather than isovent lines for idealised wind speed gradients. The use of GIS for analysing BIPV and SHW resources also represents a significant departure from traditional modelling processes and demonstrates a means of overcoming important limitations of existing BIPV and SHW evaluation tools. The wind, BIPV and SHW resource mapping processes that have been developed and applied in this study show how broad-area assessments of electricity supply or displacement can be produced for technologies where spatial variations in key performance attributes constrain the use of traditional modelling processes.

In an attempt to hinder the advancement in climate change impacts, concerned people are motivated to invest in renewable energy systems. Follows, the proliferation in energy demand, especially in residential sector, is another concern because fossil-fuel sources are depleting as time progresses. Fortunately, renewable energy resources in some countries are available in abundance and can cover a large portion of residential sector's energy demand. Jordan, like many other parts of the world, enjoys a great potential of renewable energy resources. To tackle the aforementioned issues, in this study we aim at conducting a techno-economic feasibility assessment for an on-grid PV-Wind hybrid system in order to cover a typical household annual energy demand in Amman, Jordan. The analysis show that there is a great potential of supplying the household energy demand in most of the months annually and the system is able to generate excess energy that can be exported to the national grid, which generates significant project revenues. Furthermore, the hybrid system provides a price of energy (LCOE) lower than the national grid tariff. Consequently, this study contributes greatly to the country plans of reducing the reliance on imported fossil fuels for meeting its domestic energy demands.

At the present day energy and environment problems occurring because of urbanization, population growth and technology bring the usage of renewable and environment-friendly energy resources in the foreground in local, regional and global scale. Construction sector, which causes environmental pollution by using considerable part of natural resources, uses energy beginning from raw material extraction phase going through construction, usage and demolition phases. Therefore utilisation of renewable energy resources and tackling environmental problems come into the sphere of interest of not only architecture discipline but also but also other disciplines related with architecture; and sensibility increasing by environmental and energy problems obligates to collaborate all disciplines related with construction production. In this context sustainable architecture concept find interest and acceptance more and more by the day. Providing the conservation of resources by using renewable energy resources helps to solve environmental problems. In order to solve environmental problems it is beneficial to define said concepts, determine the criteria for energy use by prompting the use of renewable energy resources in buildings, and approach the subject by interdisciplinary rapprochement. Biological energy, water, solar and wind energy through easily supplied renewable energy sources that do not pollute environment are used in different ways in buildings. Parallel to these developments there are some solar houses in Turkey implemented by universities and related organizations. However, it is required to increase the number such applications, and supply the widespread use of solar energy in buildings. In this proceeding, usage of solar energy in buildings in the context of sustainability and solar houses in Turkey designed for utilising solar energy will be evaluated, and some suggestions will be made about efficient use of solar energy in buildings. Key Words: Sustainable building design, energy efficient building design, renewable energy resources, usage of solar energy in buildings, solar houses

1 - Stationary hybrid systems: Motivation policies and technical challenges

Renewable energy scenario in India: Opportunities and challenges

Pakistan geothermal renewable energy potential for electric power generation: A survey

Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey

Rising need for various renewable and non-renewable energy resources became vital for developing countries to meet their rapid economic growth under an exponentially growing population scenario. The primary goal of COP-26 for climate change mitigation is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different sectors. Because of their significant contribution to global warming, GHG emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs have been a contentious topic of discussion since the pre-industrial age. However, the exact methodology for quantification of GHG and important parameters affecting emission rate is difficult due to limited equipment facilities, techniques for GHG measurement, uncertainties in GHG emissions rate, insufficient GHG database, and significant spatio-temporal variability of emission in the global reservoirs. This paper discusses the current scenario of GHG emissions from renewable energy, with a focus on hydroelectric reservoirs, methodological know-how, the interrelationship between parameters impacting GHG emissions, and mitigation techniques. Aside from that, significant methods and approaches for predicting GHG emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs, accounting for GHG emissions, life cycle assessment, uncertainty sources, and knowledge gaps, have been thoroughly discussed.