Energy Consumption Versus Greenhouse Gas Emissions in EU

The strategic goal of Poland’s energy policy is to take actions that will increase the share of energy from renewable sources in the final gross energy consumption to 15% in 2020 and 20% in 2030. The effects of these actions will be: a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement of the security of energy supply, the development of innovative sectors of the economy and an increase in employment in individual regions of the country. Based on the Central Statistical Office data, the most important renewable energy sources were analyzed. Their consumption in 2006–2016 was compiled in the global system for Poland. It was found that during this period the share of individual energy sources in the total consumption of renewable energy were respectively: 80.7% for solid biofuels, 8.2% for liquid biofuels, 5.3% for wind energy, 2.6% for hydropower, 2% for biogas and 1.2% for other renewable energy sources. In addition, the following indicators were determined in the article: the maximum relative changes in consumption, maximum changes in the share of consumption, as well as the periodic and annual rate of change in the consumption of these energy sources in Poland. The largest increase in energy consumption was noted for solid biofuels and wind energy, while the highest dynamics of change was determined for: wind energy, other renewable energy sources (biodegradable municipal waste and solar energy), as well as liquid biofuels and biogas.

The objective of the research was to create improved understanding of the significance of diverse factors for the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of buildings. The specific focus of the study was on the assessment of the significance of building materials and embodied carbon. The scope of the study covers multi-storey residential buildings in Finland. This research was based on a literature survey and supported by a parametric case study. The parametric study assessed the building-material-related GHG emissions relative to total GHG emissions and the possible range of variation. The research assesses the minimum and maximum GHG emissions for production of buildings with similar spaces, to reveal the likely range of variation for the emissions. The calculations for the ‘minimum’ and ‘maximum’ scenarios assume a similar purpose of use, occupancy and spaces in the building, while the production methods, materials, site conditions and location are varied. The research also assesses the relative importance of various building components and other calculation parameters in terms of GHGs. Total material-related GHG emissions were compared with the GHG emissions caused by the operation of the building, at three distinct levels of energy performance. In addition, the material- and operation-related GHG emissions were compared with the location-related GHG emissions arising from people's mobility.

The decrease in the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industry and agriculture is one of the biggest challenges that European Union (EU) countries have to face. Their economic development should occur under the conditions of limiting the pressure on the environment. The agricultural and industrial sectors play a key role in ensuring food security, technological progress, job security, social well-being, economic competitiveness, and sustainable development. The main purpose of this article was to identify and compare the level, trends, and variability in greenhouse gas emissions from industry and agriculture in EU countries in 2010–2019, to create classes of countries with similar gas emissions, and to analyze the average values of their economic conditions. The original contribution to the article was to investigate whether there is a relationship between the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the economic development of countries and other economic indicators characterizing the sectors of industry and agriculture. Empirical data were obtained from the Eurostat and Ilostat databases. Basic descriptive statistics, classification methods, multiple regression, and correlation methods were used in the study. The industrial and agricultural sectors in EU countries emit similar amounts of greenhouse gases into the environment. In the years 2010–2019, the percentage share of emissions from these sectors in total gas emissions was growing dynamically, but no evidence was found indicating that those countries that emitted the most greenhouse gases significantly reduced their emissions in the decade under review. Moreover, EU countries are still significantly and invariably differentiated in this respect. Greenhouse gas emissions from industry and agriculture are influenced by the economic characteristics of these sectors, such as the level of GDP per capita, the scale of investment by enterprises, the expenditure on research and development, as well as employment in these sectors. The findings of this study show that total greenhouse gas emissions from all sources increase with countries’ economic growth, while a higher level of support of EU countries for research and development, and a greater share of employment in both industry and agriculture, translate into higher greenhouse gas emissions from these sectors. These conclusions may be useful for decision makers in developed and developing countries, as well as those in the industrial and agricultural sectors, in controlling and verifying the possible causes of greenhouse gas emissions in terms of the need to reduce their negative role on the environment and human health.

Major US electric utility climate pledges have the potential to collectively reduce power sector emissions by one-third

Mitigating Curtailment and Carbon Emissions through Load Migration between Data Centers

Simple SummaryLivestock accounts for an estimated 80% of total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, making abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock a high-priority challenge facing animal nutritionists. Mitigating greenhouse gases in ruminants without reducing animal production is desirable both as a strategy to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and as a way of improving dietary feed efficiency. The inclusion of feed additives in the diets of ruminants can reduce energy losses as methane, which typically reduces animal performance and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The present study evaluated the abatement potential of nine essential oil blends to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The inclusion of the blends resulted in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and in vitro apparent dry matter digestibility with higher values noted for the control treatment. A similar trend was noted for in vitro truly dry matter digestibility with higher values noted in the control treatment. The efficiency of microbial production was greater for the blends. The inclusion of the blends affected the total and molar proportion of volatile fatty acid concentrations. Overall, inclusion of the blends modified the rumen function resulting in improved efficiency of microbial production.The current study evaluated nine essential oil blends (EOBs) for their effects on ruminal in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), efficiency of microbial production, total short-chain fatty acid concentration (SCFA), total gas, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using two dietary substrates (high forage and high concentrate). The study was arranged as a 2 × 2 × 9 + 1 factorial design to evaluate the effects of the nine EOBs on the two dietary substrates at two time points (6 and 24 h). The inclusion levels of the EOBs were 0 µL (control) and 100 µL with three laboratory replicates. Substrate × EOBs × time interactions were not significant (p > 0.05) for total gas and greenhouse gas emissions. The inclusion of EOBs in the diets resulted in a reduction (p < 0.001) in GHG emissions, except for EOB1 and EOB8 in the high concentrate diet at 6 h and for EOB8 in the high forage diet at 24 h of incubation. Diet type had no effect on apparent IVDMD (IVADMD) whereas the inclusion of EOBs reduced (p < 0.05) IVADMD with higher values noted for the control treatment. The efficiency of microbial production was greater (p < 0.001) for EOB treatments except for EOB1 inclusion in the high forage diet. The inclusion of EOBs affected (p < 0.001) the total and molar proportion of volatile fatty acid concentrations. Overall, the inclusion of the EOBs modified the rumen function resulting in improved efficiency of microbial production. Both the apparent and truly degraded DM was reduced in the EOB treatments. The inclusion of EOBs also resulted in reduced GHG emissions in both diets, except for EOB8 in the high forage diet which was slightly higher than the control treatment.

In this study, a comparative analysis was presented to detect the quota of urban and rural areas from total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 26 selected countries of the Middle East and Central Asia (MECA) during 1994–2014. For this purpose, 18 independent variables such as land area, population characteristics, energy use and consumption, gross domestic product (GDP), CO2 emissions, etc., were considered in addition to one dependent variable of total GHG emissions. Statistical modeling to investigate GHG emissions was constructed comprising the quantitative procedures of the correlation test and clustering analysis, which can be considered as the fundamental basis of each econometric analysis. The GHG emissions from the urban (rural) sector of total countries in 2014 were obtained as 3313.4 (1135.6) Mt of CO2 equivalents, which is about 74.5% (25.5%) of the total GHG emissions (4449.1 Mt of CO2 equivalents) in the MECA region. The correlation test between GHG emissions and urban indicators revealed the significant records (R from 0.745 to 0.981) compared with rural indicators (R from 0.337 to 0.890). Based on the clustering analysis of the countries, Cluster A, comprised of three countries of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, was categorized as countries with very high contributing to the total GHG emissions in the MECA region (~ 43.3%). The quotas of emissions from urban and rural sectors in the Cluster A were estimated as 83.1% and 16.9% from the total GHG emissions in 2014 (1921.3 Mt of CO2), while the same quotas were predicted as 73.1% and 26.9% from the total GHG emissions in 2030 (1921.3 Mt of CO2). This study carried out comprehensive research on the GHG emissions from the urban and rural areas in a crucial region of the world, which is faced with the rising growth of population, urbanization, globalization, high-energy use, and fuel consumption.

In the summer of 2024, the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania approved the National Energy Independence Strategy which sets full energy independence as the long-term goal for Lithuania’s energy development. This should be achieved in around 2050, when Lithuania is expected to become a net energy exporter. At the same time, Lithuania will have completed the second major energy transition: replacing fossil hydrocarbon energy sources with renewable energy sources. By using the methodology of the economic history of energy (Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, Paul Warde et al.), we answer the question of identifying when Lithuania lost its energy independence (i.e., we ask: when did the share of imported primary energy sources in their total consumption started exceeding the share of local sources)? We have also estimated when the first major energy transition in Lithuania reached a turning point (i.e., when the share of fossil hydrocarbon fuels in the total consumption of primary energy sources started exceeding the share of renewable energy sources).

The use of renewable energy is at the core of EU energy policy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels imported from non-EU countries, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decoupling energy costs from oil prices. Currently, 22.5% of energy consumed in the EU comes from renewable sources. This increase over 2021 is due to strong growth in solar energy. This share is also increasing due to the consumption of non-renewable energy sources in 2022. According to expert forecasts, the share of renewable energy sources in Europe will continue to grow. Achieving the 42.5% target by 2030 will require a deep transformation of the European energy system. The very strong climate and energy policies pursued in the EU for about a dozen years and aimed at limiting emissions of harmful substances into the environment have led to a gradual abandonment of traditional energy sources. Increasing demand for energy while reducing its supply from traditional sources means that in order not to make the economy too dependent on energy imports, the dynamic development of renewable energy is necessary. The EU is therefore taking very extensive operational and strategic actions to use other sources for production, such as wind, solar energy, mechanical water energy, biomass and geothermal energy, as well as tidal waves, ocean heat, wave energy and sea currents. In this study, we assess the impact of energy, economic and environmental factors on the share of renewable energy in the EU. The aim of these studies was to identify the energy, economic and environmental indicators that have the greatest impact on the share of energy from renewable sources in the European Union. The study was conducted using the Statgraphics Centurion software package. The source data for the study was data from the official Eurostat website for the period from 2012 to 2022. The results of this study show that changes in gross domestic product in market prices per capita have a positive impact, as do changes in greenhouse gas emissions per capita negatively affect the share of energy from renewable sources in the EU in the period 2012-2022. This may most likely be due to the fact that EU countries are more likely to invest in renewable energy as they can afford to invest in the development of expensive renewable energy technologies and support subsidies for the promotion and regulation of renewable energy. The negative impact of per capita greenhouse gas emissions on renewable energy development is due to the high share of coal in the EU energy mix, meaning that coal not only has negative environmental impacts, but also negative environmental impacts. development of renewable energy.

Geleneksel enerji kaynaklarının çevreye ve sağlığa olan zararlı etkilerinden dolayı son dönemde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının tüketimi dünya gündeminde ön plana çıkmıştır. Ülke ekonomilerinin varlığını sürdürebilmesi için bireylerin sağlık ve refahını sağlaması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda ülkelerin öncelikli görevi halk sağlığını korumak ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak olmalıdır. Bir ülkenin sağlık harcamaları düzeyini belirleyen pek çok unsur vardır; çevre koşulları da bunlardan biridir. Yenilenemeyen enerji kaynaklarının tüketiminden kaynaklanan sera gazı emisyonlarındaki artış, insan refahı ve çevre için büyük tehlike oluşturabilmektedir. Sera gazı emisyonlarının neden olduğu çevre sorunları, sinir sistemini, akciğerleri etkilemek, solunum yolu hastalıklarına neden olmak gibi birçok açıdan insan sağlığını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ayrıca sera gazı emisyonlarından kaynaklanan çevre kirliliği sağlık harcamalarını arttırmakta ve iş gücü verimliliğinin azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu olumsuz etkiler göz önüne alındığında yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan rüzgâr, güneş, jeotermal ve diğer çevre dostu enerji kaynaklarını kullanımın artması ülkelerin enerji ihtiyaçlarını karşılayarak çevresel iyileşmeye katkı sağlayacaktır. Son dönemde ülkelerin milli gelirden sağlık harcamalarına ayrılan kaynakların artış göstermesi ilgili alanda sürdürülebilirliğinin tartışılmasını gündem haline getirmiştir. Bu bakımdan sağlık harcamalarını etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması politika yapıcılara önemli bilgiler sunacaktır. Bu çalışma 2000-2020 yılları arasında veri ulaşılabilirliği göz önüne alınarak seçilmiş 13 AB (Belçika, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Almanya, Avusturya, İspanya, İsveç, İtalya, Portekiz, Yunanistan, Finlandiya, Fransa ve Hollanda) ülkesinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin sağlık harcamalarını hangi yönde etkilediğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada yenilenebilir enerji tüketimin en yüksek olduğu ülkeler seçilmiştir. Son dönemde artan sağlık harcamalarının sürdürülebilirliği önem arz etmesi nedeniyle yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme değişkenleri analize tabi tutularak konu bakımından sınırlandırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda bulguların politika yapıcılara önemli bilgiler sunacağı düşünülmektedir. Literatürde ilgili konu üzerinde çalışmaların sınırlı olması, panel eşbütünleşme ve panel eşbütünleşme katsayı tahminci testlerinin kullanılmaması çalışmanın ana motivasyonunu oluşturmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve sağlık harcamaları verilerinin 2000 yılından 2020 yılına kadar elde edilmesi çalışmanın ana sınırlılığını oluşturmaktadır. Analiz yöntemi olarak Lagrange carpani (LM) eşbütünleşme ve Common Corelated Effect (CCE) eşbütünleşme tahminci testleri kullanılmıştır. Bu testlerin uygulanmasından önce yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve homojenlik durumu belirlenmiştir. Birim kök sürecinin incelenmesinde Fourier LM birim kök testi kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra eşbütünleşme testi ve uygulamanın son aşaması olan eşbütünleşme katsayı tahmincileri belirlenmiştir. Panel eşbütünleşme katsayı tahmin sonuçlarına göre 13 AB ülkesi için yapılan genel incelemede, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi %10 düzeyinde istatistiki olarak anlamlıdır. Buna göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki %1’lik artış sağlık harcamalarını % 0,197 oranında azaltmaktadır. Ülke bazlı incelemelerde Danimarka, İspanya, İsveç ve Yunanistan’da yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bulunmuş ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki artış sağlık harcamalarını sırasıyla %0,132, %0,111, %1,288 ve %0,782 oranında azaltmaktadır. GSYİH’nin ise sağlık harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi %1 düzeyinde istatistiki olarak anlamlıdır. Buna göre gelirdeki %1’lik artış sağlık harcamalarını %1,071 oranında artırmaktadır. Ülke bazlı incelemelerde Almanya, Avusturya, Belçika, Çekya, Fransa, İspanya, İsveç, İtalya, Portekiz ve Yunanistan’da katsayılar istatistiki olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönlüdür. İlgili ülkelere ait söz konusu bulgular çevre dostu, tekrar tekrar kullanılabilen enerji tüketimindeki artışın çevre üzerinde olumlu etki yaratarak sağlık harcamalarını azalttığı ve sağlık finansmanının sürdürülebilirliğine olumlu katkı sağlayacağını ifade etmektedir. Buna ek olarak GSYİH’deki artışların sağlık harcamalarına yansıyarak sağlık kalitesinin arttığı vurgulamaktadır.

The Republic of Korea submitted its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat in December 2021. The updated NDC target is to reduce total national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40% from the 2018 level, which is 727.6 Mt CO2eq, by 2030. According to the updated NDC, local governments are also required to revise their GHG reduction plans. In addition, local governments should self-inspect the progress and major achievements of the GHG reduction plan every year in accordance with the evaluation guideline of the Ministry of Environment. Of 6 metropolitan cities, Gyeonggi Province shows the highest GHG emissions in the country, which accounts for about 17% of the total national GHG emissions in 2021. Ironically, Goyang City, a basic local government of Gyeonggi Province, was selected as one of the seven best local governments for carbon neutrality in 2021. The City has set a reduction target of 32.8% below BAU by 2030 and prepared a plan to implement reduction targets by sector. Over the last decade, building and transportation sectors have been the major sources of GHG emissions in Goyang City, accounting for approx. 70% of the city&amp;#8217;s total GHG emissions. The city promotes zero-energy building (ZEB) for newly constructed buildings and encourages green remodeling for existing buildings in order to reduce GHG emissions in the building sector. It is essential to introduce renewable energy such as solar, geothermal, hydrothermal, etc. for ZEB and green remodeling. In this study, therefore, the potential for solar power generation, which is most easily applicable to the building sector, and GHG reduction were calculated for residential buildings in Goyang City. To calculate the available area for solar power on the roof of residential buildings, spatial data was constructed using high-resolution aerial photographs and the outline of the building roof was extracted through AI training data.&amp;#160;AcknowledgementsThis research was carried out as a part of KICT Research Program (Data-Centric Checkup Technique of Building Energy Performance) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

A sustainable multi-objective framework for designing and planning the supply chain of natural gas components

European Union countries (EU), because they have to import a large portion of the consumed energy, on the one hand are trying to develop effective energy consumption, and on the other hand to increase their share of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption. In this context, the European Commission, published "2017 Progress Report" about renewable energy sources in the framework of EU 2020 Renewable Energy Targets". In this report, it is indicated that the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has been increased to 16,4% and with regards to renewable energy sources, a vast majority of EU countries are compatible with their 2020 targets. The EU's policy towards renewable energy sources supports the "Energy Union Action Plan" in five categories: Energy security, market integration, energy efficiency, decarbonization and innovation. For instance, within the framework of energy security, the increase in EU renewable energy sources saved 16 billion Euros in fossil fuel imports in 2015. In accordance with "Clean Energy Package for Europe", emphasized the importance of providing cheap energy to the countries within EU market. Greenhouse gas emissions have declined with consuming renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study is to provide the latest developments in long-standing renewable energy policies in the EU and Turkey comparatively. In this context, first, the Turkey's renewable energy policies will be studied comparatively, thereafter, the effectiveness of these policies in the EU and Turkey will be investigated.

Imposing versus Enacting Commitments for the Long‐Term Energy Transition: Perspectives from the Firm

It is very important for EU countries to achieve energy independence. But this is actually impossible without a high level of use or consumption of renewable energy (RE) sources. Important parameters affecting the consumption of RE sources are as follows: foreign direct investments (FDI), adjusted net savings (ANS), and environmental tax revenues. In the presented work, the likely impact of the above indicators on the level of use of RE sources was estimated using a second-order regression equation. As a result, it was established that the growth of the adjusted net savings indicator and an increase in environmental tax revenues (ETR) have a positive effect on the level of use of RE sources. With significant FDI, the level of ANS does not have a very obvious effect on the growth of the level of use of RE sources. An increase in the level of ANS allows for an increase in ETR, which in turn contributes to an increase in the level of consumption of RE sources. It was also established that an increase in the level of ANS contributes to a more complete realization of the potential of FDI for the development of RE. It has been empirically established that a consistently high consumption of renewable energy sources is actually possible in the countries with a high level of adjusted net savings, high environmental tax revenues, and active attraction of foreign direct investments.