Abstract
The water distribution network of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA) in Bangkok, Thailand, was redesigned from a looped system to a district metered area (DMA) system. By modeling the MWA trunk main network to calculate the energy balance, the energy supplied to the network was 277 MW·h/day, but only 49.8% of this input energy was delivered to DMAs. One of the highest energy losses in the trunk main network was surprisingly found in the short feed lines from trunk mains to distribution pipes where district flowmeters are installed (18.8% of the input energy). One of the main reasons is that a large number of the feed lines have been closed to establish a DMA system. Thus, energy loss at the feed lines should be assessed thoroughly because they can be vulnerable points in terms of energy efficiency when water networks are redesigned to DMA systems.
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