Energy and Material Constraints in India’s Economic Growth

SUMMARY Feed energy is an important production factor in poultry, representing 75% of the total cost of feed. Therefore, maximising energy digestion and utilisation is essential for cost-effectiveness and sustainability in poultry production. Consequently, accurate energy evaluation of raw material and animal requirements for energy is valuable for precision feeding and optimised benefits in growing chickens. Two key strategies to enhance the utilisation of energy from feed ingredients are the use of exogenous enzymes, such as carbohydrases, and accurate energy requirement prediction. Exogenous carbohydrases can enhance nutrient digestion and absorption, especially in diets with viscous ingredients, in which carbohydrases can enhance the digestibility of saturated fat and protein, by 33% and 3%, respectively, and about 4% energy utilisation. This can improve not only energy utilisation, but also gut health by reducing nutrient flow into the hindgut, as the presence of undigested nutrients fuels pathogenic bacteria proliferation. Moreover, accurate energy bioassays are required to provide values of dietary energy and true availability of energy to the birds. Currently, metabolisable energy (ME) systems are commonly used to evaluate poultry energetics. However, ME does not represent the total energy available to the birds, as it cannot measure the proportion of dietary energy that is lost as heat during feed ingestion, absorption and metabolism. In fact, the ME system can underestimate energy provided by fat by 13% and overestimate energy from proteins by 20% in chicken feeds. As net energy (NE)/ME ratio can vary from 59% to 77% depending on dietary composition, the NE systems are suggested as alternative, more accurate energy measurement methods, as they provide energy values corrected for heat increment. This paper reviews energy sources for poultry and addresses the potential to use NE measurements as a tool to evaluate the ability of feeds and feed additives to improve the exploitation of energy utilisation.

Energy efficiency contributes almost 40% of the potential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing climate change while sustaining economic development is a crucial and complex task. The research examined energy efficiency's influence on economic growth and environmental sustainability in the top 10 nations with the highest energy efficiency levels between 1990 and 2019. The analysis used energy availability, security, and depletion as moderating factors. A comprehensive empirical investigation, including sophisticated econometric approaches, was conducted to achieve this objective. The findings of the Westerlund panel co-integration test imply long-term linkages among the variables under consideration. The research indicates a positive correlation between energy intensity, availability, and safety, as well as the levels of carbon dioxide emissions, ecological impact, and economic development. The decrease in energy availability was shown to have a detrimental effect on economic growth while positively correlated with both carbon dioxide emissions and the environmental impact. The results indicate that energy magnitude, availability, and security have an excellent effect on economic development but affect the surroundings. The empirical data suggests that economies must attempt to meet economic and ecological goals by separating energy use from economic growth. This task is performed via enhancements in energy utilization.

Energy efficiency contributes almost 40% of the potential for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing climate change while sustaining economic development is a crucial and complex task. The research examined energy efficiency's influence on economic growth and environmental sustainability in the top 10 nations with the highest energy efficiency levels between 1990 and 2019. The analysis used energy availability, security, and depletion as moderating factors. A comprehensive empirical investigation, including sophisticated econometric approaches, was conducted to achieve this objective. The findings of the Westerlund panel co-integration test imply long-term linkages among the variables under consideration. The research indicates a positive correlation between energy intensity, availability, and safety, as well as the levels of carbon dioxide emissions, ecological impact, and economic development. The decrease in energy availability was shown to have a detrimental effect on economic growth while positively correlated with both carbon dioxide emissions and the environmental impact. The results indicate that energy magnitude, availability, and security have an excellent effect on economic development but affect the surroundings. The empirical data suggests that economies must attempt to meet economic and ecological goals by separating energy use from economic growth. This task is performed via enhancements in energy utilization.

The energy poverty of households presents one of the significant threats to sustainable development worldwide. Governments, international organizations like the United Nations, and various non-governmental organizations have enacted policy measures to mitigate energy poverty and its negative impacts on society. This concern is exacerbated by the finite nature of fossil fuel resources globally and persistent instabilities such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Iran-Israel conflict, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which contribute to price fluctuations and energy supply insecurity. Consequently, the issue of energy poverty may become increasingly intricate and prominent in the near future. Due to its importance, the issue of energy poverty has been widely investigated in the literature. A new dimension in the literature is based on the relationship between energy poverty, which is defined as the inability to access a sufficient volume of clean energy, and economic growth. Energy poverty can affect the economy through lower productivity and lower labor force participation. In this regard, the majority of studies in the literature have focused on African countries with low electricity access rates, typically using energy access rates as a proxy for energy poverty. In those studies, "energy poverty" and "energy deprivation" are often used interchangeably. However, this approach is not appropriate, as energy poverty and energy deprivation due to low energy access rates imply different conditions. While energy access rate can serve as a measure of energy poverty, relying solely on this indicator may not always accurately reflect the extent of energy poverty. This is because households with full infrastructure and access to clean and continuous energy sources may not always be able to fully utilize these sources, owing to cost constraints, income deficiencies, or other factors. A striking example of this situation can be seen in Türkiye, where 20.3% of households face difficulties in adequately heating their homes, representing one of the highest rates in Europe. Additionally, the average per capita household energy consumption in Europe was 1.7 MWh in 2021, whereas in Türkiye, it was only 0.56 MWh on average, which is one-third of the EU average. This happens despite Türkiye having relatively low energy prices, various support programs in place, and nearly 100% electricity access and very high natural gas access rates. Hence, unlike other studies that use energy access rate, this study utilizes per capita household electricity consumption as an indicator of energy poverty, which could provide a more precise evaluation, especially for Türkiye. This introduces a novel viewpoint in the research on energy poverty and economic growth. For this reason this study examines data from 2007 to 2021 comprising 15 years of annual data with DOLS and FMOLS panel econometric techniques across 26 regions of Türkiye, to uncover the association between energy poverty and economic growth. Additionally, factors such as the consumer price index, population, and industrial electricity demand per capita for production are used as control variable. According to both of the estimation techniques an increase in household electricity consumption may also lead to an increase in per capita GDP in Türkiye.

The need for energy efficiency and economic prosperity in a sustainable environment

The current usage of the term “hybrid electric power”, when referring to electrical networks installed on offshore and marine assets refers to the coupling of energy transformation systems (ETS) that utilize different technologies to exchange energy with the electrical network. An ETS is composed of an energy transformation device (ETD) and if necessary an energy converter that is utilized to match the electrical characteristics of the ETD to those of the electrical network; the converter facilitates the exchange of energy between the ETD and the electrical network at the required rate. An ETS may also be known as a source if it capable of supplying net positive energy to the electrical network for consumption by the loads. Energy exchange between the electrical network and the ETD may be unidirectional or bi-directional. Bi-directional energy exchange implies that the ETD has energy absorption capability. Energy absorption can manifest itself most economically with energy storage capability, alternately it may manifest itself as the ability to dissipate energy. Not all ETS that have energy storage capability may operate bi-directionally. Unidirectional ETS's include the “traditional generators” utilizing combustion based diesel engine, gas turbine or boiler + steam turbine prime movers as well as “alternate ETS” such as fuel cells and primary batteries that also have energy storage capability. Unidirectional ETS such as wind turbine generators and solar energy do not have energy storage capability as we commonly understand it. Bi-directional ETD's include secondary batteries, capacitors and flywheels. Hybrid electric power systems offer the opportunity to improve safety, reliability, operational efficiency and reduce fuel rate, environmental footprint and maintenance costs when compared to traditional electrical power systems.

During the last two decades, energy poverty has captured the growing attention of researchers and policymakers due to its strong association with economic poverty and poor economic performance. This study uses a broad set of macro level indicators and makes the first attempt to measure energy poverty and its impact on economic growth of Pakistan over the period of 1990 to 2017. Our energy poverty indicator considers four main dimensions of energy poverty, namely, energy services, clean energy, energy governance and energy affordability. A composite value of the energy poverty index shows that although the overall energy poverty has reduced in Pakistan during the selected sample period, the country shows an increasing dependence on polluted energy supply to meet its growing energy demand. In the second stage of investigation, the study tests the neoclassical growth theory where we incorporate energy poverty along with human capital as a source of economic growth. The main findings show a stable short-run cointegration between energy poverty and economic growth. These strong negative linkages between energy poverty and economic growth for the sample economy complement the previous literature on the subject.

Energy poverty or difficulties in accessing energy play a critical role in ensuring sustainable economic growth. This study aims to analyze the long-term relationship between energy poverty and economic growth in the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) member countries (Türkiye, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Azerbaijan). Using panel data from the period 1993-2022, the analysis identified a cointegration relationship between the variables; long-term effects were examined using the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator, while causality relationships were analyzed using the Granger causality test developed by Juodis, Karavias, and Sarafidis (JKS, 2021). The findings of the CCE estimator across the panel reveal that access to energy has a generally positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth. At the country level, this effect is significant in Türkiye, Tajikistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan, while it does not reach the level of significance in other countries. Additionally, the results of the Granger causality test by JKS (2021) indicate a bidirectional causality relationship between energy poverty and economic growth. Within this framework, it is concluded that energy access policies play a supportive role in economic development and that economic growth may have a mitigating effect on energy poverty.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between gender inequality and energy poverty in Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2020. The study aims to assess the long-term impact of gender inequality on energy poverty by considering factors such as per capita gross domestic production (GDP), population growth and gross capital formation. By analyzing these variables, the research seeks to shed light on the disproportionate burden women face in energy-poor regions and to provide insights into how addressing energy poverty can promote gender equality and sustainable development in the region.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) model to analyze the long-term cointegration between gender inequality and energy poverty in Southeast Asian countries. The data, sourced from World Data Indicators, spans from 2000 to 2020, including variables such as GDP, population growth and gross capital formation. Proxy measures for energy poverty and gender inequality were developed using access to electricity, clean cooking technologies and female employment statistics. Stationarity tests and cointegration analyses were conducted to ensure the validity of the results, confirming the relationships among the variables for the region studied.FindingsThe study finds a significant positive relationship between gender inequality and energy poverty in Southeast Asian countries. Higher levels of gender inequality are associated with increased energy poverty, with women disproportionately affected due to reliance on traditional cooking methods. The dynamic GMM model confirms this long-term cointegration, showing that economic growth initially increases energy poverty but reduces it as nations invest in sustainable energy. Population growth has a negative association with energy poverty, suggesting that development and infrastructure improvements mitigate its effects. These findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive energy policies in the region.Originality/valueThis study offers a novel contribution by empirically examining the long-term relationship between gender inequality and energy poverty in Southeast Asian countries, an underexplored area in existing literature. Using a dynamic GMM approach, it highlights the disproportionate burden women face due to energy poverty, particularly through traditional cooking methods. The research provides valuable insights into how addressing energy poverty can promote gender equality, offering practical policy recommendations for sustainable development. Its findings serve as a foundation for policymakers to craft gender-sensitive energy interventions that enhance both social equity and economic growth in developing regions.

Two experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

Energy poverty and climate change are major concerns for the emerging seven countries. Therefore, this study explores the economic growth impact on reducing energy poverty and ecological footprint in the emerging seven economies from 2000 to 2019. Energy poverty is measured using three disciplines: availability poverty, accessibility poverty, and affordability poverty. We applied a new dynamic method, "bias-corrected method of moments estimators (2021)," for long-run outcomes. This study used the environmental Kuznets curve-approach to measure economic growth's scale effect and technique effect to reduce energy poverty and ecological footprint. Importantly, the study explores the mediating role of politically stable institutions in mitigating environmental and energy poverty. Our findings validate that energy poverty and ecological footprint could not reduce at the initial stage of economic growth. However, the later development stage shows a positive effect on reducing energy poverty and ecological footprint. These results validated an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve hypothesis for emerging seven. Further, the result found that strong political systems are more quick-witted and have the legislative power to swiftly implement beneficial policies to pull out of the vicious circle of energy poverty. Further, environmental technology significantly reduced energy poverty and ecological footprint. The causality analysis entails that a bidirectional exists between energy poverty, income, and ecological footprint.

How does digital economy affect energy poverty? Analysis from the global perspective

Exploring the nexus between fiscal decentralization and energy poverty for China: Does country risk matter for energy poverty reduction?

Energy poverty is a critical global issue that affects millions of people worldwide. The lack of access to reliable and affordable energy services has significant economic and social impacts, including limited opportunities for education, personal development, and economic growth. This paper examines the relationship between energy poverty and economic development in selected countries using the panel quantile methodology. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing energy poverty in order to foster economic growth in the selected country group. In addition, CO2 emissions have a positive effect on economic growth, but policies to reduce fossil fuel consumption can both boost economic growth and mitigate negative environmental impacts. Inflation has a negative effect on economic growth, so policymakers should prioritize measures to control it. Employment has a positive effect on economic growth, so job creation policies should be promoted. The study found that improving access to clean energy can increase economic growth and improve the well-being of citizens in Eastern European countries. Therefore, efforts to reduce energy poverty should be a priority to promote economic development and improve the quality of life.

The study objectives were to determine the short and long-run effects of energy poverty and climate change on economic growth and to theoretically describe the driving factors of household energy poverty status using the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) dataset, 2018. The Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model was used to estimate variables based on data from 1980 to 2018. The results indicate that energy poverty has a negative or inverse relationship with the GDP growth; energy imports contribute an average of ten percent to the value of the GDP growth. Traditional and dangerous forms of energy use are predominant in Nigerian households. This poses a threat not only to the environment but also to the health of the public. An awareness-raising campaign on using safe and environmentally friendly energy sources should be a priority in Nigeria. Likewise, energy poverty reduction interventions, probably in the form of promotion of cheap and efficient clean energy technologies in the rural sector and the northern region (most especially Northeast), should be executed to enable the households to exit the energy poverty trap. Income smoothing policy measures probably in the form of poverty reduction and safety-net programs should be directed towards the low-income earners in the country in order to ease their level of poverty, of which energy poverty is an important segment.