Endometriosis and comorbidities: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.

Research Priorities to Support Women Veterans' Reproductive Health and Health Care Within a Learning Health Care System.

Women's health challenges in post-revolutionary Egypt

What About the Boys? The Importance of Including Boys and Young Men in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research

Sexual medicine programs for women across the life span: Lessons learned from a new initiative in a US-based academic medical center

Sexual Medicine Programs for Women Across the Life Span: Lessons Learned from a New Initiative in a US-Based Academic Medical Center

A roadmap toward equitable, coordinated, quality reproductive care for women with chronic conditions.

Putting sexual and reproductive health on the agenda

Position statement: Political interference in sexual and reproductive health research and health professional education

Sex and gender differences in the epidemiology of mental disorders are well documented. Less well understood are the drivers of these differences. Reproductive health represents one of the gendered determinants of mental health that may affect women throughout their life course. In this paper, we review common reproductive events that may be associated with mental ill health, including menstruation (with premenstrual dysphoric disorder appearing for the first time in recent classifications of mental disorders), contraception, abortion, sexual dysfunction, hypersexuality, sexual violence, reproductive coercion, infertility and associated gynaecological conditions, and menopause. Such reproductive events may differentially affect women globally via a range of potential biological and psychosocial mechanisms. These include, for example, vulnerability to the physiological changes in hormone levels across the menstrual cycle; side effects of treatment of mental disorders; inflammation underpinning endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome as well as mental disorders such as depression; intersections with gender disadvantage manifesting, for example, as structural barriers in accessing menstrual products and sanitation, contraception and abortion, underscoring the broader social determinants impacting women's mental health. Greater understanding of these mechanisms is guiding the development of effective interventions, which are also reviewed here. However, key evidence gaps remain, partly as a result of the historic gender bias in mental health research, and the neglect of reproductive health in clinical practice. Furthermore, while several women's health strategies have recently been proposed internationally, they do not usually include a focus on mental health across the life course, particularly for women with severe mental illness. Integrating co-designed reproductive health interventions into primary and secondary mental health care settings, providing tailored care, increasing the evidence base on effective interventions, and empowering women to make informed choices about their reproductive health, could improve not only reproductive health but also women's mental health across the life course.

Ana Langer: global leader in women's health

Every woman, every time, everywhere: FIGO is the global voice for women's health.

Women's risk of mental health conditions fluctuates across the lifespan with hormone-mediated reproductive transitions. Reproductive psychiatry, a relatively new subspecialty, focuses on preventing and treating these conditions throughout various reproductive stages. Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems that can process and integrate information across multiple modalities, including text, images, audio, and video. Although MLLMs have shown broad utility in healthcare, their potential in reproductive psychiatry remains largely unexplored. To explore how MLLMs could advance research and clinical care in women's reproductive mental health and to outline opportunities, requirements, and barriers for safe, equitable deployment. This perspective synthesizes the literature and domain expertise using a consistent analytical framework applied to each application domain in women's reproductive mental health: (1) define gaps in current clinical knowledge and practice; (2) explain why prevailing AI methods are insufficient; and (3) specify the distinctive advantages of MLLMs, including example data modalities and use cases relevant to reproductive psychiatry. We identify seven application domains: (1) menstruation, (2) pregnancy, (3) abortion, miscarriage and recurrent pregnancy loss, (4) the postpartum period, (5) menopause, (6) psychiatric comorbidities in infertility, and (7) gynecologic conditions (e.g., endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome). Across these domains, MLLMs could enable multimodal risk stratification, longitudinal symptom trajectory modelling, clinical decision support, and patient-tailored education and self-management resources that adapt to evolving reproductive stages. Realizing these benefits requires addressing bias in training corpora; safeguarding privacy and consent for sensitive reproductive data; ensuring consistent, high-quality longitudinal data collection across life stages; and establishing standardized, well-governed multimodal repositories specific to women's health. MLLMs hold promise to foster more personalized and precise care in reproductive psychiatry. By mapping opportunities and constraints and proposing a structured evaluation lens, this perspective aims to inform clinicians and researchers, stimulate cross-disciplinary dialogue, and guide responsible development and integration of MLLMs in women's mental health.

Women Deliver post–2015

Knowledge, opportunities, challenges, and the way forward for reproductive health rights: a qualitative study of women in the Bethlehem area of the West Bank

Still Piecing It Together: Women's Primary Care