"Endogenous forces" and "exogenous forces": a study on the development of the rural teaching workforce in the context of rural revitalization

Mathematic modeling of forces associated with shoulder dystocia: A comparison of endogenous and exogenous sources

Exogenous and endogenous force regulation of endothelial cell behavior

Landforms are typical landforms of the Earth's surface that are formed by natural processes of erosion, denaturation and deposition (Strehler and Strahler, 1996). Landforms are the result of geologic and geomorphological processes that occur continuously on the Earth's surface. If the relief of the surface is observed, then it appears that the relief and topography of the surface are stable and unchanging. But if observed closely, the variability of these reliefs and landforms of the surface is clearly visible over time. Because change is the law of nature. The forces acting in the interior of the earth are called endogenous forces. By these active internal forces, the relief of unevenness is initiated on the surface and different types of landforms are formed and developed. These internal forces and different types of movements, especially affect the emergence and development of landforms by means of terrestrial forms (such as cracks, fractures) etc. In this way, if When the endogenous forces create inequalities and inequalities on the surface, then exogenous forces constantly try to destroy these inequalities on the surface. Thus exogenous forces are plane stabilizing forces. If this happens, then the exogenous forces have to make efforts for a long time to remove these disparities.The main function of the exogenous forces is Denudation.

This paper reviews recent case studies completed on mass movements with probable co- seismic origin in the Uzbekistan part of Tien—Shan, Central Asia. Landslides, as any geological phenomena, formed due to simultaneous action of exogenous and endogenous forces. We consider simultaneous formation in the different areas of large landslides caused by the influence of these forces as a trigger effect. The nature of this connection, it is not only change of tectonic stress field, but at the same time the impact of climatic factors, the movement of groundwater, as well as the value of the natural frequency of oscillations in landslide-prone slopes. In this paper we consider the natural frequency of landslide-prone slopes in comparison with maximum spectral frequency of long-acting low-frequency oscillations of Hindu Kush earthquakes which caused major landslides in 2015 and spring 2016.

This paper analyzes the problem of political corruption in Italy and the role public prosecutors have played in unraveling such a phenomenon. The factors that have contributed to fostering systemic corruption as well as those that have contributed to “uncovering” such a system are given careful consideration. The most relevant conclusion is that whereas endogenous forces in the judiciary (prosecutors and judges) — in particular, its low level of institutional autonomy — have prevented it from containing corruption, exogenous forces — which have broken the conditions that had favoured the stability of the so-called “first” Republic — have led prosecutors to engage in massive investigations.

Apart from climate change and raising food cost challenges, the Indonesian agricultural sector is further plagued by the challenges associated with rural workforce retention. The concepts of migrant risen and pluriactivity inhibit sustainable workforce development. But the sector provides opportunities for rural employment and workforce development for younger generations. Rethinking workforce development schemes and building social partnerships are essential for sustaining the agricultural sector. A workforce development scheme comprising formal education and curriculum development support will enable workforce development. Social partnership involving stakeholder groups can contribute towards agricultural innovation. These measures have implications for governance and public-private partnerships.

Haciendo hincapie en la afirmacion de Arjun Appadurai (1988) de que los antropologos 'encarcelan espacialmente' a los llamados 'nativos', afirmo que los 'encarcelamientos espaciales' continuan afectando a los inmigrantes, que describo como un nuevo tipo de 'nativo'. En su novela O Vento Assobiando nas Gruas (2002), la autora portuguesa Lidia Jorge describe a cada una de tres generaciones de inmigrantes caboverdianos a Portugal como 'encarceladas' de maneras diferentes. En este articulo, reuno estudios antropologicos y mi analisis de la novela de Jorge para examinar la manera en que fuerzas exogenas y endogenas 'encarcelan' a los que actualmente inmigran a Portugal, tambien para investigar las maneras diferentes en que los inmigrantes habitan o escapan de sus carceles metaforicas, y, finalmente, para explorar los lazos que existen entre la experiencia que uno tiene de la marginalizacion y su concepcion de la identidad.

This paper analyzes the evolution of Sinopec’s corporate governance system and performance in the domestic capital market after its overseas listing. Results show that Sinopec’s governance system successfully evolves from a mandatory type to a voluntary type as a result of conformation to legal regulatory systems in the overseas market as exogenous forces and company voluntary decision-makings as endogenous forces. Sinopec takes the initiative to carry out corporate governance innovation, which has significantly improved its performance in the domestic capital market.

Abstract: The article brings together two novels that were published twenty years apart: Percival Everett’s Walk Me to the Distance and Wounded. Although, of course, the two stories are marked by the different social concerns of their different periods, there is a clear thematic continuity that links them. Beyond each story’s particular journey, each is haunted by violence under several guises. No story speaks its author’s words or mind-set directly. Art is no didactic exercise. The article suggests, nevertheless, that fiction is a confrontation between endogenous forces (the author’s own stand) and various exogenous forces, ways, and attitudes the author declines to share.

We study equilibrium configurations of swarming biological organisms subject to exogenous and pairwise endogenous forces. Beginning with a discrete dynamical model, we derive a variational description of the corresponding continuum population density. Equilibrium solutions are extrema of an energy functional and satisfy a Fredholm integral equation. We find conditions for the extrema to be local minimizers, global minimizers, and minimizers with respect to infinitesimal Lagrangian displacements of mass. In one spatial dimension, for a variety of exogenous forces, endogenous forces, and domain configurations, we find exact analytical expressions for the equilibria. These agree closely with numerical simulations of the underlying discrete model. The exact solutions provide a sampling of the wide variety of equilibrium configurations possible within our general swarm modeling framework. The equilibria typically are compactly supported and may contain δ-concentrations or jump discontinuities at the edge of the support. We apply our methods to a model of locust swarms, which in nature are observed to consist of a concentrated population on the ground separated from an airborne group. Our model can reproduce this configuration; quasi-two-dimensionality of the model plays a critical role.

We examine (i) the extent of Combined code (2010) impact in the Greek soft law (SEV code, 2011) and (ii) the adoption of an overlapping set (between the two codes) of best practice provisions in Greece. Using the ‘content analysis’ method, both on the content of the codes and on the companies’ disclosures, we find that while on the one hand exogenous forces trigger the development and adoption of a code, in line with the UK’s, on the other hand the endogenous forces tend to avoid the compliance with that ‘exogenous practices’. Our results support the idea that the Greek national code should be reshaped, in order to fit the different country’s characteristics. This conclusion indicates that a ‘hybrid’ code could be more efficient when it captures both the endogenous and exogenous forces equivalently.

Brachial plexus injuries during childbirth can be devastating injuries with lifelong consequences. Here we review the biomechanical literature related to this injury and integrate it with recent epidemiological and clinical literature to better understand how intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to this injury. Brachial plexus palsy is caused by excessive stretching, tearing, or avulsion of the nerve fibers of the brachial plexus and can lead to temporary or permanent injury to the motor and sensory functions of the upper extremity. Compared to other maternal and fetal factors, the highest risk factor for brachial plexus palsy is shoulder dystocia. The continuum of brachial plexus injuries, from temporary impairments of the C5 and C6 nerve roots to the permanent disruption of the entire brachial plexus, is consistent with a dose-response relationship whereby higher applied birthing forces cause greater degrees of injury. The current biomechanical models of shoulder dystocia and brachial plexus strain have not been validated against experimental data and their results should be treated cautiously. Endogenous forces (e.g., uterine contractions and maternal pushing) and exogenous forces (e.g., clinician-applied traction) generate strain in the brachial plexus, but the rarity of permanent, severe injuries and the reduction of these injuries after clinician training suggest that clinician-applied forces during shoulder dystocia increase the risk of permanent, severe brachial plexus injury. There are currently no reliable biomechanical methods for determining if maternal forces or clinician-applied forces are responsible for less severe types of brachial plexus injury.

This paper analyses the impact of COVID-19 on the liberal international order. While doing so, it underscores that the challenges to the liberal international order have been posed by the exogenous forces in the form of the revisionist states and endogenous forces like President Donald Trump’s leadership style. Considering the COVID-19 as an intervening variable between the liberal international order and exogenous and forces endogenous, it argues that as a catalyst the COVID-19 is stimulating both the exogenous and endogenous factors in such a way that they are proving detrimental for the liberal international order. It concludes with an observation that instead of dismantling the foundations of the liberal international order, the revisionist states, especially China, will try to extend and strengthen their leadership role in the institutional foundation of the liberal international order in the post-COVID-19 era.

Spatial patterning of periodic dynamics is a dramatic and ubiquitous ecological phenomenon arising in systems ranging from diseases to plants to mammals. The degree to which spatial correlations in cyclic dynamics are the result of endogenous factors related to local dynamics vs. exogenous forcing has been one of the central questions in ecology for nearly a century. With the goal of obtaining a robust explanation for correlations over space and time in dynamics that would apply to many systems, we base our analysis on the Ising model of statistical physics, which provides a fundamental mechanism of spatial patterning. We show, using 5 y of data on over 6,500 trees in a pistachio orchard, that annual nut production, in different years, exhibits both large-scale synchrony and self-similar, power-law decaying correlations consistent with the Ising model near criticality. Our approach demonstrates the possibility that short-range interactions can lead to long-range correlations over space and time of cyclic dynamics even in the presence of large environmental variability. We propose that root grafting could be the common mechanism leading to positive short-range interactions that explains the ubiquity of masting, correlated seed production over space through time, by trees.

With 2.7 trillion dollars in annual health spending, America has no excuse for designs that have failed for decades with regard to rural health workforce development. Rural workforce failure can best be understood as the inevitable result of failure by design. Designs for revenue are insufficient to support the rural clinician workforce that would resolve deficits. The designs of health professional training are not specific to rural health needs. Those aware of rural health delivery problems such as the National Rural Health Association have noted 'the overriding healthcare problem in rural America is lack of access to a provider. Being insured makes no difference if you cannot find a doctor in your area'. A second concern noted is eliminating ‘long-standing payment inequities for rural providers’. National designers have failed to grasp what is important for rural health care. Basic services provided by generalists and physicians remaining in core specialties such as general surgery are most important and are most neglected by payment and training designs. Generalists delivering primary care are half of the rural workforce. Training must produce the generalists, general surgeons, and other general specialties that are over 75% of rural workforce needs in 2013. Designs that shape more new specialties, more in each specialty, lowest proportions entering primary care, and departures from primary care only a few years after graduation are prevention of rural workforce by design. Do healthcare designers understand rural health care? Rural health problem solving requires the proper perspective. The barriers to rural health access involve distance, insurance coverage, jobs, culture, more complex health needs, and lowest revenue set by design. The panels that recommend reimbursements for services may not see beyond the academic, hospital, subspecialty, association, government, and most urban experiences that have shaped the lives of the panelists. Decades of immersion in top concentrations of