Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants in water can impose risks to reproductive health. Most of these compounds are known to be endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs can impact the endocrine system and subsequently impair the development and fertility of non-human animals and humans. The source of chemical contamination in water is diverse, originating from byproducts formed during water disinfection processes, release from industry and livestock activity, or therapeutic drugs released into sewage. This review discusses the occurrence of EDCs in water such as disinfection byproducts, fluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, and estrogens, and it outlines their adverse reproductive effects in non-human animals and humans.
Highlights
Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, 2-(N-ethyl-PFOSA) acetate, 2-(N-methyl-PFOSA) acetate, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and perfluorododecanoic acid measured in serum
PFOA, PFOS perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, 2-(N-ethyl-PFOSA) acetate (EPAH), 2-(N-methyl-PFOSA) acetate, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic, and perfluorododecanoic acid measured in blood
Summary
Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. Besides the pathogenic risk of microbes, several chemical contaminants present in water due to anthropogenic activities can impose risks to human and non-human animal health [1,2]. Some of the major chemicals that are known as water contaminants are endocrine disrupting chemicals such as disinfection byproducts, fluorinated substances, bisphenols, phthalates, pesticides, and natural and synthetic estrogens. Exposure to these compounds is associated with adverse health and reproductive outcomes in non-human animals and humans; the presence of these chemicals in water has become a public health concern [4,5,6,7,8]. Water contaminated with synthetic estrogens can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes in non-human animals [23,24,25] These previous studies have shown that chemical contaminants in surface and drinking water worldwide can negatively influence the fertility and reproductive capacity of non-human animals and humans. This review will focus on the following categories of chemicals found in water: disinfection byproducts, fluorinated compounds, BPA, phthalates, pesticides, and estrogens
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