Encyclopedia of media and politics

Biased media or the coverage of slanted news can have strong impact on perception of the public on topics reported by media. In the recent years, researchers have developed many comprehensive models for describing media bias effectively. These methods of analysis are manual and therefore cumbersome. Whereas in computer science and especially NLP has developed fast, automated and scalable methods which systematically analyse bias in the news posted by media houses. Various models which are generally used for analysing bias in media using computer science models appear to be simpler as compared to models developed by social science researchers. But these computer science models do not answer the most important questions despite being superior in technology. Most of the methods used in this respect are based on supervised learning and problem is that there is not enough data to go around. Also, most of the projects generally classify news as biased or unbiased. They do not tell towards which political party or ideology news is biased. In case of Indian political news data, it is not available at all. In this project, we will try to use the latest machine learning techniques like sentiment analysis, bias score and clustering to analyse the bias in the political news articles and try to group them on the basis of their media houses to predict which media houses are biased to which political parties and how much. For it, we will first collect political news article of India from various media houses using web crawlers and then filter them so that we can get only English news and separate them on basis of political alignments. After that we try to predict whether they are biased or unbiased and if they are biased, then we will try to predict towards which political party on basis of bias scores of the news article. On basis of many news articles, we will try to form a report on, which media house is biased to which political party and which media house provides unbiased news in India and see how media houses polarize public opinions.KeywordsClusteringSentiment analysisDBSCANPCAK-MeansVADER

The role of mass media, especially television, is pivotal during electioneering as it brings to the society information that relate to the election. By so doing, it successfully shapes the opinions and attitudes of society members towards political candidates and parties. In order to gain an insight into the various roles that the media play during electioneering, the study reviewed various published research studies on the role of the media in setting news agenda. Agenda-setting theory was used to clarify who set the agenda between the media and political parties. The findings from the content analysis of the reviewed literature provided a comprehensive and detailed discourse of media effect on society during electioneering. The study concluded that the more the emphasis on a news item, the more the electorates will regard the issue as significant and consequently act (effect) as directed by the news item. The study recommends non-partisan political news coverage by mass media that give equal chance to political parties.

BASIC TO MODELS of electoral competition is the assumption that candidates adopt positions on policy issues as a means of attracting votes. However, candidates are also judged on the basis of human qualities and other attributes not related to the policies they espouse in a campaign. The spatial theory of electoral competition has, in the past, treated such attributes as part of the policy space over which candidates compete. However, certain difficulties attend such an interpretation. For example, it is difficult to view a candidate's personality as something which can be altered to please the voters. The mistakes that an incumbent has committed in office are not things he can erase to compete more effectively for votes. A candidate's religion cannot be abandoned because it is a political liability. In short, there are nonspatial attributes that affect voter evaluations of each candidate, which are beyond that candidate's immediate control. It is the purpose of this paper to incorporate these nonspatial attributes into the spatial model of electoral competition to show how the policy outcome of two candidate electoral competition is af-

On Data, Media, and the Deconstruction of the Administrative State

Russian parties and the political internet

There are plethora of contending reasons for the failure of the third-term agenda embarked upon by the erstwhile President of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo to elongate his term of office from the constitutional two terms to a third term. Although no single account is sufficient to explain the failure and its implications on the festering governance crisis in the country, one key point of convergence is that the media played a pivotal role in ensuring public education on the contentious issue. The study therefore assessed the influence of President Olusegun Obasanjo’s policies on the role of mass media against the Third Term Agenda. It also attempts to verify the actual nature of the role of mass media in the Third Term Agenda and investigated the influence of ethnicity and media ownership on the role of the mass media in the Third Term Agenda. It further examined the efforts of the mass media in the emergence of the Fourth Republic in Nigeria. This was with a view to assessing the roles of the mass media in President Olusegun Obasanjo’s Third Term Agenda. The study utilized both primary and secondary data. A total of 170 copies of questionnaire were distributed among members of political parties, academia, journalists, pro-democracy groups and relevant NGOs. The selected respondents were: two members of five major political parties; twenty scholars from recognized academic institutions in Nigeria; three journalists each from three dailies and two weekly newspapers; one member of staff of FRCN in five States as well as National Television Authority staff members: and two members of staff each from state owned radio and television stations in the sampled states; five members of staff each from Private radio stations; five members of staff each from two private television stations; five members of five pro-democracy Non Governmental Organisations across Nigeria; and five members of staff each from National Broadcasting Corporation and Ministry of Information. The secondary sources included books, journal, dailies, among others. The primary data were analysed using the descriptive and inferential statistics while the secondary data were subjected to content analysis. The results showed that 37.2% of the responded clearly that government’s policy did not impact the role of the mass media on the third term agenda. It also, the study showed that the mass media played agenda setting role upon which other actors based their agitations in the third term agenda (54.3 per cent) and that ethnicity did not condition the role of the mass media. Furthermore, the result showed that privately owned media outlets provided a quantum of agitation against the third term agenda. Finally, the mass media were major actors in the race that birthed the fourth republic and in the quest to ensure the preservation of the democracy. The study concluded that the mass media, maintained an approach and strategy that were largely encapsulated in aggressive attack and criticism rather than an educative effort that is capable of nurturing a democracy. KEY WORDS - Mass Media, Democracy/democratization, Third-Term Agenda, Tenure Elongation.

This research explores the role of social media in the political construction of identity, analyzing how these platforms mediate the expression and formation of individual and group political identities. The focus is on how social media changes the dynamics of communication and social interaction, facilitating the formation of “echo chambers” and increasing political polarization. Additionally, this study highlights challenges such as disinformation and the implications of social media for the health of democracy. As a researcher, I aim to highlight the broader implications of using social media in identity politics. By analyzing the impact of social media on political dynamics in Indonesia, this study reveals how social media influences public perception and political decisions. This study identifies how social media can be used as a tool to mobilize political support, but also how these platforms can spread disinformation and reinforce political polarization. Based on these concerns, researchers have not yet found research results that examine how social media specifically impacts the construction of political identity. This research aims to highlight how social media not only acts as a communication tool but also as a medium that influences the way individuals view and express their political identity. Through a qualitative approach, this study provides new insights into the impact of social media in contemporary political dynamics and the importance of digital literacy in addressing issues of identity politics in the digital era.

Elections are the cornerstone of Indian democracy, reflecting the will of the people in shaping governance. Media, as the fourth pillar of democracy, plays a crucial role in informing, educating, and engaging the electorate during elections. From traditional platforms like print and broadcast media to the transformative influence of digital and social media, the role of media in elections has evolved significantly. It serves as a powerful tool for disseminating information, shaping public opinion, and fostering electoral participation. However, challenges such as media bias, paid news, fake information, and the influence of political funding threaten its integrity. Regulatory frameworks by bodies like the Election Commission of India (ECI) and the Press Council of India aim to uphold fairness and transparency in electoral coverage. This paper explores the dynamic relationship between media and elections in India, highlighting its impact on democracy, challenges faced, and the path forward for responsible media practices.

In recent times, the role of media in politics has increased significantly. With the inception of the new form of media communication, the interaction between the importance of media and politicization remain complementary. During the 2016 South African Local Government Elections, the new media featured as one of the prominent medium of political interaction between various political stakeholders across the country. This paper argues that the role of new media facilitated political interaction across the political terrain of the country during the election. It also argues that political actors increased their use of new media not only to advance their political ideas but also to receive feedbacks from the electorates. Therefore, this paper identifies that the new media created an interactive forum linking the political parties, Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) and the electorates. In other words, this medium increased existing interaction within the South African political environment particularly during the just concluded 2016 Local Government Elections.

Personalization (Election Campaign Coverage)

O F ALL POSSIBLE POLITICAL ACTIONS the voting decision has received the most attention from behavioral political scientists. Probably we have compiled and analyzed more data on candidate choice and turnout than on any other form of political behavior. Of course, this heavy emphasis comes as no surprise. The voting act is the fundamental political act in a democracy. It is the most widespread political act. Furthermore, on the surface, at least, the voting act would appear to be one of the simplest (and therefore, most understandable) political acts. A heavy scholarly focus on the voting act follows naturally from these considerations. While our data base expands, however, our theoretical superstructure remains far from finished. It is fair to say that political science has relied chiefly on models rooted in the sociological, and later the social-psychological tradition.' These models hold that

Political Cynicism: Measurement and Meaning

One-half century ago, V. 0. Key, Jr., published his masterpiece, Southern Politics in State and Nation. Key's analysis of the failure of democracy in the South must count as one of the great achievements of our discipline. His explanation is rich and complex. Certainly the anti-liberal basis of society in the midtwentieth-century South was crucial-"Whatever phase of the southern political process one seeks to understand, sooner or later the trail of inquiry leads to the Negro," he wrote (1984[1949], 5). But it was not only that the South was an illiberal society, what really mattered was that the South was also non-democratic. The failure of democracy can be traced to the absence of party competition and, according to Key, the consequent failure of a coherent and organized party system to emerge. His explanation is that the lack of organized partisan competition to win the support of the great body of the people, as James Madison might have put it, by itself accounts for the failure of democracy. In this account, therefore, if only there was regularized competition, there would be organized parties, and if only there were at least two organized political parties, democracy would inevitably follow. A cottage industry then arose to study, first, the possibility of partisan realignment in the South (e.g., Converse 1966; Phillips 1970), subsequently it sought to assess the inroads Republicans were making in their ability to compete in the South (e.g., Beck 1977; Black and Black 1987), and most recently that industry turned to examine the culmination of the process, ending with a fully competitive (perhaps even dominant) GOP in the South (e.g., Aistrup 1996; Black 1998; Lamis 1990). The attraction of this stream of research is understandable. These are scholars considering whether trends are pointing toward sustained, organized partisan competition. If that were to be so, we would then conclude that the full flowering of democracy would at last be expected to appear in the South.

Media plays a pivotal role in shaping political awareness and democratic participation in contemporary societies. In geographically remote and culturally diverse regions such as Arunachal Pradesh, media influence assumes particular importance in connecting citizens with political institutions and national discourse. This study examines the role of traditional and digital media in shaping political awareness in Arunachal Pradesh through a qualitative analysis based on secondary data and an extensive review of existing literature. The paper explores the historical evolution of media in the state, patterns of media consumption, the role of media in political socialization and electoral participation, and the challenges posed by algorithmic mediation, misinformation, and regulation. The findings reveal that while media has expanded political awareness and civic engagement, its impact remains uneven due to infrastructural disparities, digital divides, and framing biases. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for context-sensitive media policies, enhanced media literacy, and safeguards for freedom of expression to strengthen democratic processes in the state.

Presidential Studies QuarterlyVolume 41, Issue 3 p. 437-441 Editors' Introduction JON R. BOND, Corresponding Author JON R. BOND Texas A&M UniversityJon R. Bond is a professor of political science at Texas A&M University. He is coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena and coeditor of Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, and numerous articles in professional journals. He was an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow. He has served as coeditor of the Journal of Politics, president of the Southern Political Science Association, and president of Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honor society. Richard Fleisher is a professor of political science at Fordham University. He is coeditor of Polarized Politics and American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence, coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena, and the author or coauthor of articles in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, and the American Journal of Political Science.Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD FLEISHER, Corresponding Author RICHARD FLEISHER Fordham UniversityJon R. Bond is a professor of political science at Texas A&M University. He is coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena and coeditor of Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, and numerous articles in professional journals. He was an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow. He has served as coeditor of the Journal of Politics, president of the Southern Political Science Association, and president of Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honor society. Richard Fleisher is a professor of political science at Fordham University. He is coeditor of Polarized Politics and American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence, coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena, and the author or coauthor of articles in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, and the American Journal of Political Science.Search for more papers by this author JON R. BOND, Corresponding Author JON R. BOND Texas A&M UniversityJon R. Bond is a professor of political science at Texas A&M University. He is coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena and coeditor of Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, and numerous articles in professional journals. He was an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow. He has served as coeditor of the Journal of Politics, president of the Southern Political Science Association, and president of Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honor society. Richard Fleisher is a professor of political science at Fordham University. He is coeditor of Polarized Politics and American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence, coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena, and the author or coauthor of articles in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, and the American Journal of Political Science.Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD FLEISHER, Corresponding Author RICHARD FLEISHER Fordham UniversityJon R. Bond is a professor of political science at Texas A&M University. He is coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena and coeditor of Polarized Politics: Congress and the President in a Partisan Era, and numerous articles in professional journals. He was an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellow. He has served as coeditor of the Journal of Politics, president of the Southern Political Science Association, and president of Pi Sigma Alpha, the national political science honor society. Richard Fleisher is a professor of political science at Fordham University. He is coeditor of Polarized Politics and American Political Parties: Decline or Resurgence, coauthor of The President in the Legislative Arena, and the author or coauthor of articles in the American Political Science Review, Journal of Politics, and the American Journal of Political Science.Search for more papers by this author First published: 04 July 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2011.03880.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume41, Issue3September 2011Pages 437-441 RelatedInformation