Abstract
HighlightsDownsizing of MnS and encapsulating by conductive N, S-co-doped carbon matrix (MnS@NSC) provide excellent reversible capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability in sodium-based electrolyte.The charge storage mechanism of MnS@NSC was analyzed, showing pseudocapacitive control behavior.The as-fabricated sodium-ion capacitor delivers excellent electrochemical performance.
Highlights
Electrochemical energy storage system is attracting extensive research interest due to the increasing demands of electric/hybrid vehicle, portable electronic devices, and scalable grid storage [1,2,3,4]
lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) usually suffer from low power density and poor cycle life, the growing cost of lithium source limited its sustainable development in large-scale utilization
MnS is still suffering from intrinsically poor electrical conductivity, sluggish electrochemical reactions with poor rate performance, drastic volume changes during cycling, dissolution/loss of polysulfides intermediates in electrolyte, and the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the charge/discharge processes, which seriously impede the use of MnS as high-rate anode for sodium-ion capacitor (SIC) [35, 38, 41, 42]
Summary
Electrochemical energy storage system is attracting extensive research interest due to the increasing demands of electric/hybrid vehicle, portable electronic devices, and scalable grid storage [1,2,3,4]. MnS has attracted attention as a SIB anode candidate due to its natural abundance, environment friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and the theoretical capacity up to 616 mAh g−1 according to the electromotive force of 1.049 V [Eo(MnS) vs N a+/Na = 1.049 V] and Gibbs free energy change of − 202.50 kJ mol−1 [35, 39, 40] Despite these advantages, MnS is still suffering from intrinsically poor electrical conductivity, sluggish electrochemical reactions with poor rate performance, drastic volume changes during cycling, dissolution/loss of polysulfides intermediates in electrolyte, and the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the charge/discharge processes, which seriously impede the use of MnS as high-rate anode for SICs [35, 38, 41, 42]. The capacity retention achieved is 84.5% after 3000 cycles, demonstrating the superiority of MnS@NSC as promising anode candidate for SIC
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