Abstract
The essential oil component α-pinene has multiple biological activities. However, its application is limited owing to its volatility, low aqueous solubility, and chemical instability. For the aim of improving its physicochemical properties, α-pinene was encapsulated in conventional liposomes (CLs) and drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-liposomes (DCLs). Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/α-pinene (HP-β-CD/α-pinene) inclusion complexes were prepared in aqueous solution, and the optimal solubilization of α-pinene occurred at HP-β-CD:α-pinene molar ratio of 7.5:1. The ethanol-injection method was applied to produce different formulations using saturated (Phospholipon 90H) or unsaturated (Lipoid S100) phospholipids in combination with cholesterol. The size, the phospholipid and cholesterol incorporation rates, the encapsulation efficiency (EE), and the loading rate (LR) of α-pinene were determined, and the storage stability of liposomes was assessed. The results showed that α-pinene was efficiently entrapped in CLs and DCLs with high EE values. Moreover, Lipoid S100 CLs displayed the highest LR (22.9 ± 2.2%) of α-pinene compared to the other formulations. Both carrier systems HP-β-CD/α-pinene inclusion complex and Lipoid S100 CLs presented a gradual release of α-pinene. Furthermore, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of α-pinene was maintained upon encapsulation in Lipoid S100 CLs. Finally, it was found that all formulations were stable after three months of storage at 4 °C.
Highlights
Essential oils and their components have been known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
HP-β-CD/α-pinene inclusion complex of 7.5:1 (HP-β-CD)/α-pinene inclusion complexes were prepared in aqueous solution, and the optimal HP-β-CD:α-pinene molar ratio was determined
The addition of HP-β-CD leads to an enhancement of αpinene solubility up to 366 times at HP-β-CD concentration of 75 mM
Summary
Essential oils and their components have been known to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The uses of essential oils as natural additives for the shelf-life extension of food products have received increasing attention, due to the risk of using synthetic preservatives [1]. Hept-2-ene, is a natural bicyclic monoterpene [2]. It is a component of the essential oils of rosemary (genus Rosmarinus, species Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and several coniferous trees from the Pinaceae (genus Pinus) and Lamiaceae family (e.g., lavender, genus Lavandula) [3,4]. It has been demonstrated that α-pinene possesses insecticidal [6], antioxidant [7], antimicrobial [8,9], anti-inflammatory [10], and anti-tumor [11] effects
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