Encapsulated Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains From Traditional Iranian Cheese Alleviate Hyperglycemia and Inflammation in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats

Impaired Rhodopsin Generation in the Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy

Alcohol exacerbated biochemical and biophysical alterations in liver mitochondrial membrane of diabetic male wistar rats – A possible amelioration by green tea

In the present study, the antioxidant activity of a methanol soluble fraction (MSF) from Cissus verticillata, used in Brazil and elsewhere as a hypoglycemic and antidiabetic medicinal plant, and tyramine (TYR), one of its main bioactive constituents, was assessed. For this, male Wistar rats were submitted to alloxan injection (40 mg/kg, i.v.) in order to induce a diabetic state and, 48 h later, glycemia was determined. Animals were distributed into groups: normal controls (NC); diabetic controls (DC); DC plus MSF; and DC plus TYR. Another group was treated with glibenclamide (GLI), used as a positive control. After 5-day treatments, animals were sacrificed for liver dissection, and determination of antioxidant markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase and nitrite concentrations. The antioxidant effect was also evaluated on the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, before and after CCl4 treatment. Under our experimental conditions, diabetic rats did not present any alteration in liver lipid peroxidation, before (DC) or after treatments with the MSF; TYR or GLI, as compared to normal controls (NC). Levels of GSH were significantly increased in 79% in DC, as related to NC, and the effects were partially reversed in diabetic rats, after MSF treatments at the higher dose. However, while similar effects were observed after TYR and GLI, both drugs brought values of GSH to normality. The DC group had increased liver catalase activity, as compared to NC, and these effects were partially reversed by MSF and almost completely by TYR and GLI. Significant increases were also detected in nitrite concentrations in livers of DC, as an index of free radical formation, and a large reduction was observed after MSF, TYR and GLI treatments of diabetic rats, as compared to NC. MSF and TYR also prevented prolongation of the pentobarbitalinduced sleeping time by CCl4, suggesting hepatoprotective and anti-oxidative effects. In conclusion, we showed that the antioxidant activity probably plays an important role in the antidiabetic effect of C. verticillata, and TYR is at least in part responsible for this property.

The Effect of Ethanolic extracts of Centratherum anthelminticum on Diabetic rats Assessment of the antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats: The animals will be divided into nine groups and each group consisted of six rats. Group 1 as normal control. Group 2 as the diabetic control. Groups 3, 4 and 5 are normally treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg BW of CAEt, respectively. Groups 6, 7 and 8 are diabetic rats treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g, and 0.75 g/kg BW of CAEt, respectively. Group 9 are diabetic rats which received glibenclamide (0.02 g/kg BW) an oral hypoglycemic agent dissolved in distilled water. Normal control and the diabetic control rats are fed distilled water alone. After an overnight fast, the plant extract suspended in distilled water will feed to the rats by gastric intubation using a force feeding needle. Blood samples are collected for the measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the administration of plant extract and blood glucose levels are determined by Glucose oxidase – peroxidase method. The phytochemical analysis will be carried out in the ethanolic extract by different methods of phytochemical analysis. Keywords: Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes mellitus, Centratherum anthelminticu m The effect of Ethanolic extracts of Centratherum anthelminticum on Diabetic rats Assessment of antihyperglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Centratherum anthelminticum seeds in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats: The animals will be divided in to nine groups and each group consisted of six rats. Group 1 as normal control. Group 2 as the diabetic control. Groups 3, 4 and 5 are normal treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg bw of CAEt, respectively. Groups 6, 7 and 8 are diabetic rats treated with 0.25 g, 0.50 g and 0.75 g/kg bw of CAEt, respectively. Group 9 are diabetic rats which received glibenclamide (0.02 g/kg bw) an oral hypoglycemic agent dissolved in distilled water. Normal control and the diabetic control rats are fed distilled water alone. After an overnight fast, the plant extract suspended in distilled water will fed to the rats by gastric intubation using a force feeding needle. Blood samples are collected for the measurement of blood glucose from the tail vein at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h after the administration of plant extract and blood glucose levels are determined by Glucose oxidase – peroxidase method.Phytochemical analysis will carried out in the ethanolic extract by different methods of phytochemical analysis. Keywords: Hypoglycaemia, Diabetes mellitus, Centratherum anthelminticum

Even though the hypoglycemic effect of various extracts of ginger had been delved into exhaustively the similar effect of the cooked form of the spice is yet to be ascertained. This is of vital importance since ginger is mostly consumed in cooked form in various dishes. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of raw and cooked ginger extracts in lowering blood glucose in normal and high fat diet-induced diabetic rats, an experimental model of Type 2 diabetes which is the most prevalent type of the disease. Male Albino rats (63) were divided into seven groups and designated thus: Group 1 – normal negative control, Group 2 – normal rats given raw ginger extract, Group 3 - normal rats given cooked ginger extract, Group 4 - diabetic control, Group 5 –diabetic rats given raw ginger extract, Group 6 – diabetic rats given cooked ginger extract and Group 7 – diabetic rats given Metformin. The diabetic groups were fed high fat diet for 12 weeks after which the 4 weeks extracts administration commenced Fasting blood glucose was determined before and after the 12 weeks diet introduction and at the 2nd and 4th weeks of extracts’ administration by using ACCU-CHEK Active Glucometer, Roche, Germany. ANOVA and Least Significant Difference were used for statistical analyses. There was no significant difference between. Raw ginger extract and Metformin normalized fasting blood glucose (FBG) in the diabetic rats because there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between these two groups and the normal negative control at 4 weeks extracts and drug administration. The cooked extract did not normalize the blood glucose but lowered it by 35%..The two extracts had similar hypoglycemic effect (24% reduction, p<0.05) in normal rats at 2 weeks and 4 weeks of administration. Hence raw ginger extract is as effective as Merformin in normalizing FBG but the cooked form may require a longer period to exert similar effect..Even though the extracts lowered the FBG below normal in normal rats this may not lead to clinically threatening hypoglycemia.

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in ethanol treated non diabetic and diabetic rats. &nbsp; Methods: A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were grouped as control (n=6), diabetic control (n=6), ethanol treated control (n=6) and ethanol treated test (n=6) groups. Total duration of this experiment was 30 days. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of streptozotocin at 40 mg/kg dissolved in 0.1 M cold citrate buffer.&nbsp; After the confirmation of diabetes in streptozotocin administered rat groups, on the 10th day of the experiment healthy control and diabetic control groups were orally treated with (1.0 mL/Kg body weight) drinking water while diabetic and non-diabetic ethanol control rat groups were orally treated with (1.0 mL/Kg body weight) 6.0% ethanol. On the 20th day, treatment was stopped and restarted on 25th day of the experiment. Results: At the end of the experiment, the body weight of the healthy rat groups gradually increased (251±20.77g) when compared with diabetic groups (162±07.48 g for diabetic control and 176±24.78 g for ethanol treated diabetic groups). The ethanol treated diabetic groups showed a significantly reduced blood glucose level (P &lt; 0.01) than the diabetic control groups. The moderate amount of ethanol treated diabetic rats showed normal SOD (3.928 Unit mg/min) and decreased MDA (ethanol treated diabetic rats showed 1.0156 nmol/mg protein) than the diabetic rats (1.7638 nmol/mg protein). &nbsp; Conclusion: This study indicates that daily low consumption of alcohol may reduce the risk of oxidative stress and try to normalize the antioxidant status in diabetes rats.

Several lines of evidence have shown an association of diabetes with a catecholamines' aberrant homeostasis involving a drastic change in the expression of adrenoceptors. This homeostatic alteration includes, among other things, atypical actions of α2 -adrenoceptor agonists within central and peripheral α2 -adrenoceptors (e.g. profound antinociceptive effects in diabetic subjects). Hence, this study investigated the pharmacological profile of the α2 -adrenoceptor subtypes that inhibit the vasopressor sympathetic out-flow in streptozotocin-pre-treated (diabetic) pithed rats. For this purpose, B-HT 933 (up to 30 μg/kg min) was used as a selective α2 -adrenoceptor agonist and rauwolscine as a non-selective α2A/2B/2C -adrenoceptor antagonist; in addition, BRL 44408, imiloxan and JP-1302 were used as subtype-selective α2A -, α2B - and α2C -adrenoceptor antagonists, respectively (all given i.v.). I.v. continuous infusions of B-HT 933 inhibited the vasopressor responses induced by electrical sympathetic stimulation without affecting those by i.v. bolus injections of noradrenaline in both normoglycaemic and diabetic rats. Interestingly, the ED50 for B-HT 933 in diabetic rats (25 μg/kg min) was almost 1-log unit greater than that in normoglycaemic rats (3 μg/kg.min). Moreover, the sympatho-inhibition induced by 10 μg/kg min B-HT 933 in diabetic rats was (i) abolished by 300 μg/kg rauwolscine or 100 and 300 μg/kg BRL 44408; (ii) partially blocked by 1000 μg/kg imiloxan; and (iii) unchanged by 1000 μg/kg JP-1302. Our findings, taken together, suggest that B-HT 933 has a less potent inhibitory effect on the sympathetic vasopressor responses in diabetic (compared to normoglycaemic) rats and that can probably be ascribed to a down-regulation of α2C -adrenoceptors.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study examined the effects of caraway plant on blood levels of glucose, lipid profile, and C-reactive protein in diabetic rats. Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: group 1: nondiabetic control rats, group 2: diabetic rats, group 3, and 4 (caraway treated diabetic groups): each rat was treated with caraway at doses of 1 g/kg in group 3 and 2 g/kg in group 4. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Caraway was administered as aqueous extract orally once a day for 3 weeks. Finally, blood samples were collected and fasting blood glucose, serum lipid profile, and C-reactive protein levels were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way Analysis of Variance and considered to be significant when p < .05. Results: Diabetic rats receiving 1 and 2 g/kg caraway extracts had significantly lower total cholesterol (p = .036 and p = .010, respectively), low-density lipoprotein (p = .001 and p = .002, respectively), non-HDL-C (p = .003 and p = .007, respectively), LDL-C to HDL-C ratio (p = .002) and atherogenic index (p = .001) than that of diabetic control rats. Moreover, there were significant changes in fasting blood glucose in diabetic groups treated with 1 and 2 g/kg caraway extracts (p = .001 and p = .027, respectively) compared with the diabetic control. However, caraway did not have any significant effect on C-reactive protein level in diabetic rats. Conclusion: This study suggests that caraway can exhibit blood glucose and lipid lowering activities in diabetes, without any effect on C-reactive protein level.

This study compared the cardiac sympatho-inhibitory responses produced by agonists at α2 -adrenergic (B-HT933), dopamine D2 -like (quinpirole) and histamine H3 /H4 (immepip) receptors between normoglycaemic and streptozotocin-pretreated (diabetic) pithed rats. Intravenous (i.v.) continuous infusions of B-HT 933, quinpirole or immepip were used in normoglycaemic and diabetic pithed rats to analyse their sympatho-inhibitory effects on the electrically-stimulated cardioaccelerator sympathetic outflow. Both in normoglycaemic and diabetic animals, B-HT933 (until 100μg/kg per minute) and quinpirole (until 10μg/kg per minute) inhibited the tachycardic responses to electrical sympathetic stimulation, but not those to i.v. bolus of exogenous noradrenaline. These sympatho-inhibitory responses were more pronounced in diabetic than in normoglycaemic animals. Accordingly, the areas under the curve for 100μg/kg per minute B-HT933 and 10μg/kg per minute quinpirole in diabetic rats (1065±70 and 920±35, respectively) were significantly smaller (P<.05) than those in normoglycaemic rats (1220±45 and 1360±42, respectively). In contrast, immepip infusions produced cardiac sympatho-inhibition in normoglycaemic (until 10μg/kg per minute), but not in diabetic (until 100μg/kg per minute) animals. Our results suggest that in diabetic pithed rats: (i) the more pronounced cardiac sympatho-inhibition to B-HT 933 and quinpirole may be probably due to up-regulation of α2 -adrenergic and dopamine D2 -like receptors, respectively; (ii) the histamine H3 /H4 receptors do not seem to play a sympatho-inhibitory role; and (iii) there is a differential participation of α2 -adrenergic and dopamine D2 -like receptors, which may certainly represent therapeutic targets for the treatment of diabetic complications such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.

Reports of clinical studies on the global increase in male infertility prevalence are of public interest due to its social and economic burden. Honey is used in various foods, beverages and medicinal traditions to treat various ailments. This experimentally-controlled designed study aimed to determine the effect of honey-based diet on the sperm quality, testicular histology, reproductive hormones and glycemic tolerance in diabetic rats fed for 8 weeks. Thirty two adult male Wistar rats each weighing ≥ 200g at the beginning of the study were used and were randomly categorized into four experimental groups of 8 rats each: diabetic rats fed with honey-based diet - DHF, diabetic rats fed with standard feed (diabetic control - DNF), Non-diabetic rats fed with honey-based diet - NHF and non-diabetic rats fed with standard feed (normal control – NNF). Diabetes was inducted in DHF and NHF grouped rats using freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate solution (150mg/dL, intraperitoneally) after 15 hours overnight fast and was confirmed 4-7 days later using glucometer. All rats were fed according to the experimental design for eight week period while weekly weight and total food intake per group recorded. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentrations were measured at the entry point and 8th week of study. Glycemic tolerance test using D-glucose (2g/kg wt), hormonal (testosterone, FSH, LH) assays and sperm analysis were conducted after 8 weeks while sections of extracted testes were examined histologically. Data obtained were expressed as mean of eight replicates ± SEM. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in total weight gain (DHF - 6.2%; NHF - 7.44%) with insignificant increase in food intake was observed in diabetic and non-diabetic rats fed with honey-based diet compared with their respective controls. Sperm analysis and hormonal assay revealed significant (P < 0.05) increase in sperm count, testosterone level and improved sperm morphology in diabetic and non-diabetic treated rats. Testicular histoarchitecture of honey-based diet-fed rats displayed a densely packed spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubular lumen while that of the control rats showed sparse distribution. An improved glycemic tolerance with significant (P = 0.02) reduction in FBG concentration was observed in DHF (5.1%) and NHF (10.73%) rats at the end of study. In conclusion, honey-based diet improves reproductive potential in diabetic rats with beneficial impact on the glycemic tolerance and control.

The present study was aimed at evaluating the role of Momordica charantia L. fruit and Genistein on beta cell, insulin resistance/sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty-five (35) albino rats were divided into seven (7) groups of 5 rats each comprising of five (5) non-diabetic and thirty (30) diabetic rats. Groups 1 and 2 served as the normal control and diabetic control groups respectively and received distill water, groups 3 and 4 received Mormodica charantia L. at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg respectively. Groups 5 and 6 received Genistein at 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg respectively while group 7 received Metformin at 500mg/kg the experiment lasted for four weeks. All the rats were euthanized at the end of the fourth week. Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels were determined from the analysis of serum parameters and the histology of the pancreas. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in blood glucose levels was noticed in rats that received Momordica charantia L. (MC) and genistein when compared with diabetic control rats. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were also noted in rats that received MC and Genistein when compared with the diabetic control rats. MC and Genistein significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum insulin level compared to the diabetic control rats. MC and Genistein significantly decreased (p < 0.05) homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) level compared with the diabetic control group. Pancreas of rats that received MC and Genistein showed regenerating beta-cells. Momordica charantia L. fruit and Genistein were able to enhance beta cell function and prevent lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus prevalence has rapidly increased globally. Food contains high resistant starch (RS) may be used as a functional food to prevent and control diabetes mellitus. Resistant starch is high in raw bananas and its products such as flour. The study aimed to evaluate effects of Kepok banana flour on blood glucose and physical performance, especially body weight and feed intake in type 2 diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide (NA) and streptozotocin (STZ). Eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighed 150-200 g were randomly divided into nondiabetic and diabetic groups. Nondiabetic group (n=7 rats) was normal control (NC) and fed with standard diet AIN-93M (American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets 1993 for adult maintenance), while diabetic groups (n=7 rats each group) consisted of diabetic control (DC) which fed with standard diet and 3 diabetic treatment groups (T1-T3) which fed with AIN-93M containing kepok banana flour with 4%, 8% and 12% of RS respectively for 14 days. After 14 days, mean fasting blood glucose in group T1, T2 and T3 have lower blood glucose than DC significantly (p&lt;0.05) with the highest decrease of blood glucose was on group T3. Mean of body weight in group T1, T2, T3, and NC gained significantly compared to DC group (p&lt;0.05). Feed intake in group T1, T2, T3, and NC were less than DC significantly (p&lt;0.05). Administration of kepok banana flour with 4%, 8% and 12% of RS is able to decrease glucose level, to restore body weight loss and to reduce feed intake in STZ-NA induced type 2 diabetic rats. Kepok banana flour can be proposed as an alternative diet in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Background: The unwanted adverse toxicity displayed by synthetic antidiabetic medicine leads to the search for effective natural medicine to combat diabetes complications. This study investigated the cardioprotective of Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic in high-fat diet (HFD)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods: Forty male adult Wistar were used and fed with HFD for 6 weeks before diabetes induction. The rats were grouped into 5 groups, 8 rats/group. Group I: normal control; Group II: diabetic control; Group III &amp; IV: diabetic rats + 100 mg/kgb.wt &amp; 200 mg/kgb.wt Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic extract; Group V: diabetic rats + 200 mg/kgb.wt metformin. The rats were sacrificed on the experiment’s last day, blood samples were collected and the hearts were isolated for biochemical parameters estimation. Results: Food intake, water intake, plasmas insulin, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cardiac enzymes, lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, fibrotic marker, caspase-3 in cardiac of diabetic rats were elevated (p &lt; 0.05) significantly. Body weight, cardiac antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic marker levels diminished (p &lt; 0.05) significantly in diabetic rats. 100 mg/kgb.wt &amp; 200 mg/kgb.wt of Anacardium occidentale nuts methanolic extract administration significantly suppressed the plasma insulin, FBG, HbA1c, cardiac lipid profile, cardiac enzymes biomarker, cardiac inflammatory cytokines, cardiac malondialdehyde, cardiac fibrotic marker, cardiac caspase-3, food intake &amp; water intake and increased the body weight, cardiac antioxidant &amp; cardiac anti-apoptotic marker in the diabetic rats. Conclusion: Anacardium occidentale nuts attenuate cardiac injury in diabetes. It could be a natural medicine to manage diabetes-cardiovascular complications.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Caralluma russeliana stem extract on some physiological parameters in streptozotocin induced diabetes in male Wistar rats after 8 weeks.Materials and methodsThe experimental rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Rats of group 1 were normal controls. Rats of group 2 were diabetic controls. Rats of group 3 were diabetic rats treated with C. russeliana stem extract. Rats of group 4 were non-diabetic rats, subjected to C. russeliana stem extract.ResultsThe lowest body weight gain was noticed in diabetic rats of group 2. Serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, ALP, total bilirubin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid levels were significantly elevated in diabetic rats of group 2; however, total serum protein, albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced in diabetic rats of group 2.ConclusionTreatments with C. russeliana stem extract in diabetic rats revealed notable diminishing and protecting effects of physiological modifications. Therefore, this study revealed the significance of using C. russeliana stem extract as a promising remedial agent to treat diabetes and its complications.

Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and antihyperglycemic activity of polyherbal (PH) formulation in normal and glucose-loaded and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: PH formulation was tested for hypoglycemic activity for 4 h in normoglycemic rats, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (2 h), and antihyperglycemic activity (28 days) in non-diabetic and STZ-induced diabetic rats.Results and Discussion: PH formulation at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses significantly (P < 0.01) reduced fasting glucose level in normal rats and similar to standard drug glibenclamide. The blood glucose reduction was greatest 32.56% for glibenclamide followed by 32.37% for PH (400 mg/kg) and 26.61% for PH (200 mg/kg), respectively. For OGTT, a significant (P < 0.001) plasma glucose lowering effects of PH (400 mg/kg) followed by PH (200 mg/kg) treated group was observed at all time intervals. Blood glucose lowering was more pronounced for diabetic rat given PH (400 mg/kg) followed by PH (200 mg/kg). Blood glucose levels were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in diabetic rat (STZ), treated with glibenclamide, and the two dose levels of PH up to 4 weeks. At 28 days, blood glucose reduction was greatest 67.48% for PH (400 mg/kg) followed by 62.27% for glibenclamide and 59.26% for PH (200 mg/kg). When compared to non-diabetics, liver glycogen levels in the untreated diabetic group were significantly lower (P < 0.01). Liver glycogen levels increased 2.3-fold in the glibenclamide-treated rats. Similarly, glycogen levels were increased significantly (P < 0.01) by 1.9- and 2.3-fold in PH (200 and 400 mg/kg)-treated groups, respectively. Conclusion: The treatment with PH (400 mg/kg) dose has shown a marked improvement in histological condition, as compared to diabetic control. These findings suggest that this PH formulation may be a potential source for the development of new antidiabetic drug.