Abstract
White spot lesions (WSLs), a side effect of orthodontic treatment, can result in reversible and unaesthetic results. Graphene oxide (GO) with a bioactive glass (BAG) mixture (BAG@GO) was added to Low-Viscosity Transbond XT (LV) in a ratio of 1, 3, and 5%. The composite’s characterization and its physical and biological properties were verified with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD); its microhardness, shear bond strength (SBS), cell viability, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were also assessed. Efficiency in reducing WSL was evaluated using antibacterial activity of S. mutans. Anti-demineralization was analyzed using a cycle of the acid-base solution. Adhesives with 3 wt.% or 5 wt.% of BAG@GO showed significant increase in microhardness compared with LV. The sample and LV groups showed no significant differences in SBS or ARI. The cell viability test confirmed that none of the sample groups showed higher toxicity compared to the LV group. Antibacterial activity was higher in the 48-h group than in the 24 h group; the 48 h test showed that BAG@GO had a high antibacterial effect, which was more pronounced in 5 wt.% of BAG@GO. Anti-demineralization effect was higher in the BAG@GO-group than in the LV-group; the higher the BAG@GO concentration, the higher the anti-demineralization effect.
Highlights
Orthodontic treatment is performed to improve both functionality and aesthetics, but undesirable side effects can often occur
The opaque surface of White spot lesions (WSLs) can be detected with the naked eye, and WSLs on anterior teeth is undesirable, because one of the goals of orthodontic treatment is the aesthetic outcome
The antibacterial effect of Graphene oxide (GO), especially on dental pathogens, has been discovered recently, and it has been shown that GO displays the highest antibacterial effect in comparison to other graphene-based materials such as graphite, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide [9]
Summary
Orthodontic treatment is performed to improve both functionality and aesthetics, but undesirable side effects can often occur. The main cause of WSLs, or demineralization, is a decrease in intraoral pH due to bacterial activity. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli, the main pathogens of dental caries, decrease intraoral pH [3]. This effect, combined with an irregular enamel surface area and poor oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment, precipitates enamel demineralization. BAG exerts its antibacterial effect by increasing intraoral pH through ion-release, and compensating for the decrease in pH caused by oral bacteria [5,6]. Orthodontic dental bonding primers and adhesives with GO or BAG have been shown to have an anti-bacterial effect.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
