En passant synaptic varicosities form directly from growth cones by transient cessation of growth cone advance but not of actin-based motility

Abstract

Formation of terminal synapses at sites such as the neuromuscular junction involves transformation of the motile growth cone into the nonmotile synaptic terminal. However, transformation does not need to be the mechanism when a neurite forms multiple widely spaced synaptic varicosities along a target in an en passant configuration. Synaptic varicosities could form here by specialization of the neurite after the growth cone has advanced past the site. We examined this issue by using cocultures of identified sensory (SN) and motor (L7) neurons from Aplysia. Living SNs were labeled with fluorescent dye and their neurites were observed at high resolution every few minutes growing along the axon of L7, allowing a fine-grained analysis of the behavior of the growth cone at the sites of synapse formation. All varicosities whose formation was observed indeed developed from the growth cone. Sensory varicosities were shown by electron microscopy to contain features characteristic of active zones for transmitter release within a day of their formation on the motor axon. Growth cone advance slowed or stopped transiently during varicosity formation, but the motile activity of the peripheral region of the growth cone (veils and filopodia) was maintained. These results suggest that target "stop signals" involved in the formation of synapses, at least of the en passant variety, may be of a different type from the growth inhibitory molecules, such as the collapsins, which guide axons to their targets.