Empowering Mustahik Through Da'wah Zakat: Evaluating the Impact of BAZNAS Programs on Poverty Alleviation in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to identify the poverty perspective and poverty alleviation strategies in Indonesia. Poverty is one of the problems still facing Indonesia. Given that the problem of poverty in Indonesia is a complex and multifaceted problem, poverty reduction efforts should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, covering various aspects of people's lives and implemented in an integrated manner. It is important to know what factors influence poverty for the benefit of society, people and the state. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that cause poverty and ways to overcome them. The results of previous literacy studies show that poverty is influenced by many factors. One of them is micro-poverty caused by unequal distribution of resource ownership, which leads to unequal distribution of income. The problem of poverty is a challenge that has been going on for a long time until today. In fact, many poverty reduction programs have been implemented by the government, but have not brought significant changes. Poverty reduction programs are implemented in many countries around the world. The development strategy elaborated by the Indonesian state has so far been based on high rates of economic growth. According to the forecasts of high rates of economic growth, income is distributed unevenly among all segments of the population, there is an imbalance between growth and equity. Observing some mistakes of the poverty reduction paradigm, where the analysis should bring to the forefront the variables that are significant for poverty reduction, exactly those variables that are not significant, so the strategies that should be adopted to overcome poverty: should also not only prioritize the economic aspect, but also pay attention to other dimensions; to increase the capacity and productivity, the chosen strategy is to increase the basic ability of the poor to increase income; involvement of the poor in the whole process of poverty reduction; empowerment strategy. People-centered development approach as a paradigm of decentralized policy is very relevant in overcoming social problems, including poverty.

Indonesia become a country with the largest Muslim population in the world in 2022. This is in line with the number of MSMEs in Indonesia. MSMEs have a major role in economic growth and reducing poverty in Indonesia. So MSMEs become the biggest contribution to poverty alleviation and employment in Indonesia. Therefore productive zakat is an appropriate, alternative and profitable instrument for developing MSMEs as well as breaking the cycle of poverty and unemployment in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of productive zakat in empowering MSMEs businesses to alleviate poverty and unemployment in Indonesia. This research is a descriptive qualitative research by describing that zakat productive MSME businesses are able to alleviate poverty and absorb labor. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is library research (library research), namely collecting or compiling data by using written materials regarding productive zakat and MSMEs. The results of this reserch is show that the presence of productive zakat is able to overcome the constraints on the lack of capital faced by MSMEs. This is supported by the large number of Muslim communities in Indonesia. MSMEs empowerment is carried out by providing assistance and coaching to help people with low education in developing their knowledge and skills. Then, it is hoped that it can help alleviate poverty and absorb labor so that it can increase economic growth in Indonesia.

The United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), an international development movement oriented towards human welfare and global poverty eradication with measurable goals and targets, had hit the deadline by 2015. Its implementation reaped various contestations and claims regarding its success and failures in eradicating poverty in Indonesia. The Indonesian government claimed to have succeeded (on the track) in meeting the MDGs targets in eradicating poverty by reducing half of the number of Indonesians who earn one dollar per day (purchasing power parity/PPP) for the period 1990-2015. Meanwhile, the reality on the ground showed the contrast. Many Indonesian people lived in poverty and had minimal access to public health and education facilities. UNESCAP reported that Indonesia was one of the countries in the Asia Pacific region, which was alarming to achieve the MDGs. Based on such contradictions regarding the MDGs' poverty eradication mission in Indonesia, this article aims to examine why the MDGs program had not been able to overcome the problem of poverty in Indonesia? This article employs norm life cycle (dynamics) theory to investigate the problem behind UN MDGs' inability to overcome poverty in Indonesia. UN MDGs were considered a global norm in this article, substantiating the poverty eradication mission. Using the norm life cycle theory theorizing the three stages of norm development, starting from norm emergence, cascade, and internalization, this article reviews and investigates how Indonesia had dealt and performed in each of those norm life cycle stages within the framework of global poverty eradication norm. Based on the theoretical approach used, this article argues that the inability of UN MDGs to resolve poverty in Indonesia was due to the excessive use of statistical and quantitative basis of poverty eradication efforts rather than a more qualitative and welfare building approaches. Moreover, a systemic problem existed upon MDGs' coordination and implementation on the Indonesian government and donor countries/institutions. It included the lack of commitment to official development aid (ODA) realization, renegotiation and elimination of Indonesia's foreign debt, and rampant corruption in the national development and poverty eradication funds.

Many poverty alleviation programs had been implemented in the past, but only a few made it. In relation to this, the objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the roots of family poverty, (2) to identify factors related to the family poverty, and (3) to formulate a strategy for poverty alleviation. To reach these objectives, 420 poor households were randomly selected from the city of Ambon and the district of Boalemo, Gorontalo Province. They were interviewed from November 2003 through January 2005. The obtained data were analyzed by using the descriptive statistics and the multiple regression procedures. The findings pointed out that: (1) both the urban and the rural poor households lacked in productive and normative behavior, (2) factors related significantly to the welfare of urban poor families were social and political capitals; whereas to the rural poor families were natural, physical, financial, and behavioral capitals as well, and (3) the grand strategy for both urban and rural poverty alleviation should include good governance, capacity building, social capital revitalization, public policy advocacy, social assurance, infrastructure building, community-based economic development, and asset redistribution.

This study investigated the socio-economic determinants at the individual and contextual level of household poverty in Indonesia. The data used in this study is drawn from the March 2020 Indonesia-National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) provided by BPS, Statistics-Indonesia. The data were analyzed using the Multilevel Logistics Regression Model. This study indicates that the achievement of the Human Development Index at the provincial level affects the reduction of the poor at the household level. Moreover, at the individual level, household size, education level, and employment status of the household head significantly affect household poverty. The results of this study underscore the need to look beyond the influence of individual-level factors in addressing regional variations in household poverty in Indonesia. Therefore, Government policies to increase human development in provinces with low HDI are needed.

This study investigates the role of Co-operatives in crop production as a tool for poverty reduction in Zambia. Focusing on how Cooperative membership influences income levels and access to resources. The objectives of the study were to; (i) assess the roles played by Co-operatives in poverty reduction and (ii) to determine the relationship between the types of crops grown and their bearing on poverty reduction. Data was collected through survey with questionnaires administered and focussed group discussions from cooperative executive members in the six chiefdoms of Lufwanyama district. The questions were designed to capture information on incomes, access to resources, quality of life, types of crops grown, benefits accrued on cooperative membership and land ownership/assets acquired. The focussed group discussions provided further perceptions on issues in Cooperatives. The data was analysed using statistical numerical analysis using software such as SPSS and Microsoft excel, to identify significant factors influencing poverty. The results showed that Cooperative membership has a significant positive influence on member’s access to income and resources. The study highlights that Cooperatives provide a platform for material and financial empowerment to people in Lufwanyama District. The outcome of the study demonstrated that the type of crop also has a positive moderate correlation and an influence on levels of poverty as Soyabeans is a crop that showed high potential on reducing dependency syndrome on government subsidies if promoted and supported. Based on these findings recommendations are made on policy interventions to enhance the support and growth of Cooperatives in Zambia with particular emphasis on high cash crop production of Soyabeans and/or Groundnuts away from traditional Maize. Devising mechanisms of curbing corruption in the administration of subsidy programs and that there be more women and youth involvement for inclusive access to finances, equipment and farming inputs as well as providing tailor made training programs. Poverty was at 82.6 % in Lufwanyama and above the 54 % national average in tandem with other prior studies. Overall, the study indicated valuable insights into the potential for Cooperatives in crop production to contribute to poverty reduction in the region, offering implications for both policy makers and practitioners working towards poverty reduction. Keywords: Cooperatives, poverty, crop production.

This paper examines the role of competition law and policy as tools for poverty reduction and development. The authors put forward five related principles, building upon the important work on related issues that has been done by the OECD, the International Competition Network (ICN), UNCTAD and civil society organizations such as CUTS in recent years, in addition to the earlier work done on these topics in the WTO Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy when that body was active from 1997 through 2003. Together, these principles comprise the "holistic approach" to competition law and policy which is referenced in the title of the paper: First, the focus of policy makers in using competition policy as tool for poverty reduction should be on approaches that are relatively easy to implement but have a trackrecord of being effective and economically sound. Second, for competition policy reforms and legislation to be successful, public acceptance and support is critical and must be an essential focus of related initiatives. Third, to serve as an effective tool of poverty reduction, competition policy needs to address the needs of the citizens of poorer societies in their capacities as producers (and, therefore, as users of extensive input goods and services, including public infrastructure), in addition to their capacities as final consumers/households. Fourth, it is posited that "competition policy" is more than just "what competition agencies do" and includes the full spectrum of measures that governments employ to enhance competition and improve the performance of markets. Fifth, in order to address the challenges posed by the changing landscape of competition policy worldwide, new forms of international co-operation may need to be considered. The paper then develops the application of these principles with respect to five specific areas in which competition policy can contribute to poverty reduction, namely: (i) the reform of public and business infrastructure sectors, particularly in the context of developing and transition economies; (ii) the complementary roles of competition law enforcement and market liberalization in public procurement markets; (iii) various related dimensions of competition policy as they relate to public health objectives; (iv) the addressing of possible monopsonistic practices in international supply chains that may affect the ability of developing country producers to reap gains from participation in international markets; and (v) measures to address the enduring problem of international cartels which, despite an impressive record of prosecutions by developed jurisdiction competition agencies over the past decade, continue to impose substantial costs on developing economies. The paper concludes with some observations regarding the future of international cooperation in the competition policy sphere.

This paper examines the role of competition law and policy as tools for poverty reduction and development. The authors put forward five related principles, building upon the important work on related issues that has been done by the OECD, the International Competition Network (ICN), UNCTAD and civil society organizations such as CUTS in recent years, in addition to the earlier work done on these topics in the WTO Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy when that body was active from 1997 through 2003. Together, these principles comprise the holistic approach to competition law and policy which is referenced in the title of the paper: * First, the focus of policy makers in using competition policy as tool for poverty reduction should be on approaches that are relatively easy to implement but have a trackrecord of being effective and economically sound. * Second, for competition policy reforms and legislation to be successful, public acceptance and support is critical and must be an essential focus of related initiatives. * Third, to serve as an effective tool of poverty reduction, competition policy needs to address the needs of the citizens of poorer societies in their capacities as producers (and, therefore, as users of extensive input goods and services, including public infrastructure), in addition to their capacities as final consumers/households. * Fourth, it is posited that competition policy is more than just what competition agencies do and includes the full spectrum of measures that governments employ to enhance competition and improve the performance of markets. * Fifth, in order to address the challenges posed by the changing landscape of competition policy worldwide, new forms of international co-operation may need to be considered. The paper then develops the application of these principles with respect to five specific areas in which competition policy can contribute to poverty reduction, namely: (i) the reform of public and business infrastructure sectors, particularly in the context of developing and transition economies; (ii) the complementary roles of competition law enforcement and market liberalization in public procurement markets; (iii) various related dimensions of competition policy as they relate to public health objectives; (iv) the addressing of possible monopsonistic practices in international supply chains that may affect the ability of developing country producers to reap gains from participation in international markets; and (v) measures to address the enduring problem of international cartels which, despite an impressive record of prosecutions by developed jurisdiction competition agencies over the past decade, continue to impose substantial costs on developing economies. The paper concludes with some observations regarding the future of international cooperation in the competition policy sphere.

PurposePoverty alleviation has been a major theme of China's modernization process since the founding of New China. This paper points out that China's poverty alleviation process presents three stylized facts: “Miraculous” achievements of poverty alleviation have been made on a global scale; the poverty alleviation achievements mainly occurred in the high growth stage after reform and opening up; the poverty alleviation process is accompanied by the structural transformation of the urban–rural dual economy.Design/methodology/approachTherefore, a logically consistent analytical framework should form among the structural transformation of the dual economy, economic growth and the achievements in poverty alleviation. In logical deduction, the structural transformation of the dual economy affects rural poverty alleviation through the effects of labor reallocation, agricultural productivity improvement, demographic change and fiscal resource allocation.FindingsThe first two refer to economic growth, and the latter two are alleviation policies. The combination of economic growth and poverty alleviation policies is the main cause for poverty alleviation performance. China's empirical evidence can support the four effects by which the structural transformation of the dual economy affects poverty alleviation.Originality/valueChina's socialist system and its economic system transformation after reform and opening up provide an institutional basis for the effects to come into play. After 2020, China's poverty alleviation strategies will enter the “second-half” phase, namely, the phase of solving the problems of relative poverty in urban and rural areas by adopting conventional methods and establishing long-term mechanisms. This requires the facilitation of the reconnection between poverty alleviation strategies and the structural transformation of the dual economy in terms of development ideas and policy directions.

This paper discusses the role of fiscal policy in overcoming poverty in Indonesia through empowering village funds. Using a literature study approach, the data collection process uses secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency and the Ministry of Finance. This paper examines poverty analysis, factors that influence poverty, and the implementation of fiscal policy in reducing poverty levels. Apart from that, this research also discusses village fund empowerment policies, poverty alleviation strategies and implementation of village fund policies. The research results show that fiscal policy, especially increasing village fund allocation, can be effective in reducing poverty. Programs such as empowering village funds can improve community welfare and reduce poverty levels. Evaluation of the village fund empowerment policy shows a positive impact on poverty alleviation, with increasing village status and reducing poverty levels in rural areas. And by involving the community to participate in managing village funds so that the implementation of village funds can be achieved.

This article attempts to illustrate the status of tourism and its barriers to poverty reduction in Parseh, Iran. Tourism is certainly a major contributor to poverty reduction in many countries. But, there are significant numbers of barriers to effectively using tourism industry as a tool for poverty reduction in developing countries. The findings through focus group discussion indicated that there negative attitudes towards tourism development on poverty reduction. The result of this study also found that there are some organizational and community barriers in tourism development for poverty reduction. The finding can assist the local organizations for remove this problem in face of tourism for poverty reduction. Key words: Tourism, poverty reduction, barriers on poverty reduction.

Poverty in Indonesia is a fundamental problem that needs special attention. The government is trying to alleviate poverty by introducting various programs to people who are below the poverty line. One of these programs is the Social Assistance Program. This research aims to determine the extent of the impact of social assistance programs on poverty reduction in Indonesia. The method used is a quantitative method with analytical tools, namely R, to carry out regression analysis on the data. The data used include (1) data on poverty levels in Indonesia, (2) demographic data on the Indonesian population, (3) data on social assistance programs organized by the government or other institutions, (4) data on household or individual income, and (5) data related to the socio-economic conditions of social assistance recipients. The research results show that social assistance programs influence poverty reduction. Influence can be increased by (1) providing clear regulations and rules in implementing aid, (2) cross-checking target recipients of aid, and (3) carrying out regular monitoring and evaluation of aid program implementation. Keywords: policy evaluation, social assistance program, poverty, Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of the national community empowerment program (PNPM) in tackling urban poverty in Indonesia. The data used in this research is a qualitative data (literature), namely journals and books. Data were collected with a literature survey technique which later was processed by using the analysis content procedure (content analysis). The Poverty is a fundamental issue for the community in Indonesia and a major issue for many developing countries. The poverty in urban area, lack of employment opportunities, low income population and rising number of unemployment is a major problem that must be addressed by the government. In order to overcome this problem, the government proposes a major effort through community empowerment programs. The national community empowerment program (PNPM) is a national poverty reduction program which mainly focuses on community development and one of government programs that which promotes an increasing income of the poor through the Assistance provided. This program utilizes an empowerment approach (empowerment) so that development of the society can be sustainable. Poverty eradication through the national community empowerment program (PNPM) is done by empowering the community with three types of main activities, namely infrastructure, social and economic, urban neighborhoods which generally known as Tridaya. The beneficiaries argue that they were helped by the existence of such a program as that the assistance provided by the government through the national community empowerment program (PNPM) has gradually been improving lower economic community regardless several factors which deter the progress of the program.

An economic evaluation of the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policies as tools for poverty reduction in Nigeria were carried out in this study by employing the ordinary least square (OLS) technique, using the data of annual time series for the period of 1990 to 2014. The OLS result shows that government expenditure, interest rate and tax contribute to poverty reduction (per capital income) positively but not significantly, while the contribution of money supply is also positive and significant. Hence if a policy aims at improving the standard of living of people, then effective use of fiscal and monetary policies are in dispensable. Both policies should be seen as complementing each other.

<p>This research aims to: (1) analyze the poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District and (2) find the factors of the successful poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative method with three data collection techniques i.e. (1) closed interview, (2) observation, and (3) documentation. Data were analyzed using Huberman and Miles’s plot comprising (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) data verification and conclusion drawing. This research figures out that: 1) The implementation of the poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District is still considered poor due to: a) Planning, b) Implementation, and c) Evaluation and 2) Factors that determine a successful poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District are: a) the government supports, b) budget, c) the community supports, and d) the organization supports. Our recommendations are thus: 1. The poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District is still considered poor despite the village funds that have been allocated to the poverty alleviation besides the supports from the Social Service and 2. The determinants of a poverty alleviation strategy in Tibawa Gorontalo District are the community supports. Meanwhile, the amount of budget to poverty alleviation should be increased to encourage the poor community in business.</p>