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The “Buzz” About Tinnitus: A Social Media Study

Social media is an important communication channel that can help hospitals and consumers obtain feedback about quality of care. However, despite the potential value of insight from consumers who post comments about hospital care on social media, there has been little empirical research on the relationship between patients' anecdotal feedback and formal measures of patient experience. The aim of the study was to test the association between informal feedback posted in the Reviews section of hospitals' Facebook pages and scores on two global items from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey, Overall Hospital Rating and Willingness to Recommend the Hospital. We retrieved star ratings and anecdotal comments posted in Reviews sections of 131 hospitals' Facebook pages. Using a machine learning algorithm, we analyzed 57,985 comments to measure consumers' sentiment about the hospitals. We used regression analysis to determine whether consumers' quantitative and qualitative postings would predict global measures from the HCAHPS survey. Both number of stars and the number of positive comments posted on hospitals' Facebook Reviews sections were associated with higher overall ratings and willingness to recommend the hospital. The findings suggest that patients' informal comments help predict a hospital's formal measures of patient experience. Consistent with crowd wisdom, ordinary consumers may have valid insights that can help others to assess patient experience at a hospital. Given that some people will judge hospital quality based on opinions voiced in social media, further research should continue to explore associations between anecdotal commentary and a variety of quality indicators. Administrators can tap into the wealth of commentary on social media as the forum continues to expand its influence in health care. Comments on social media may also serve as an early snapshot of patient-reported experiences, alerting administrators to problems that may appear in subsequent HCAHPS survey results.

As more individuals experience tinnitus, some researchers have labeled the condition a “global burden” (J Formos Med Assoc. 2016 Mar;115(3):139). As such, social awareness of the condition has spread, in no small part due to the internet and social media. About 75 percent of American adults use the internet, including various social media platforms, to learn about health conditions like tinnitus (PEW, 2014 https://pewrsr.ch/2FgioCJ). The World Health Organization has asserted the importance of modern social media platforms, particularly in their ability to provide more people with instant and easy access to health-related information (Bull World Health Organ. 2009 Aug;87(8):566). Social media also allow users to discuss health conditions (like tinnitus) and build relationships with others who share symptoms or experiences (Am J Audiol. 2017 Mar 1;26(1):1; J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017 Aug;20(2):119). These virtual platforms can encourage communication about and management of disorders, thereby promoting confidence and empowerment.social media, tinnitus, online informationFigure 1: Patterns of social media usage and categories across platforms.Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of Overall, Management, Information Sharing, and Misinformation of YouTube VideosHowever, the lack of adequate gate-keeping mechanisms on social media may pose a threat to information accuracy. Misinformation can be particularly dangerous to people who are distressed by their condition, like tinnitus, and desperate to find an effective treatment (J Acad Librariansh. 2015;41:583). In fact, billions of dollars are spent each year on items marketed online as “tinnitus cures” (Otol Neurotol. 2016 Aug;37(7):991). If tinnitus-related information posted online is systematically analyzed, audiologists and other hearing health care professionals can be better equipped to correct possible patient misinformation. As such, this study assessed the prevalence, quality, and trends of tinnitus-related information across three popular social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube (AJA. 2018. doi:10.1044/2018_AJA-18-0033). METHOD The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hofstra University. A comprehensive evaluation of three social media platforms was performed by searching the keywords ”tinnitus” and “ringing in the ears” on Facebook (pages and groups), Twitter (accounts), and YouTube (videos). These platforms were selected based on present popularity and ease of quantifiable data (PEW, 2018 https://pewrsr.ch/2FkijOg). Search results were examined by two reviewers and included in the investigation only if they were in English, contained the keyword “tinnitus” within the title and/or description, and relevant to the audiological condition of tinnitus. Included items also had to meet the following criteria: 10 or more “likes” and five or more posts for Facebook pages; 10 or more members for Facebook groups; 10 or more followers and five or more tweets for Twitter accounts; and 100 or more views for YouTube videos. Public and closed Facebook groups were included and categorized based on page description. Among the studied YouTube videos, the first 100 that came up by each sorting option (i.e., relevance, view count, and rating) were assessed. The results for each platform were quantified based on various social media metrics, including likes, members, followers, and views. All results were sorted into the following categories based on primary functionality: (1) fundraising, (2) information sharing, (3) misinformation, (4) personal story, (5) promotion of a product, (6) service provider/institution, and (7) support group. Two additional categories were created for YouTube: (8) tinnitus assessment, and (9) tinnitus management. It should be noted that the authors defined misinformation as any shared information that is currently considered untrue (e.g., miracle pills), lacking peer-reviewed evidence (e.g., acupuncture), or uninvestigated at the time of the study. RESULTS Of the 1,459 search result items that were assessed, 624 met the inclusion criteria (49.2% Facebook pages, 36.5% YouTube videos, 8.4% Twitter accounts, and 5.9% Facebook groups). Figure 1 shows the breakdown of the different information categories in each of the studied social media platform. The highest levels of activity within the tinnitus community were found on Facebook pages (n = 307), which amassed a total of 214,184 likes and a mean of 701 likes. The most prevalent categories were misinformation (42.7% of pages; 75,581 total likes; 577 mean likes), service provider (27.4% of pages; 45,749 total likes; 545 mean likes), and information sharing (14.7% of pages; 33,080 total likes; 735 mean likes). A total of 37 Facebook groups were included in the study, totaling 45,664 members and a mean of 1,234 members. Of these, nine groups were public and 28 were closed. Public groups totaled 712 members (mean = 79) and the two most common categories were misinformation (44.44% of public groups; 123 total members; 30.75 mean members) and support group (33.3% of public groups; 360 total members; 120 mean members). Closed groups amassed 44,952 members (mean = 1,605). The three most common categories were support group (67.85% of closed groups; 38,266 total members; 2,014 mean members), information sharing (14.29% of closed groups; 4,433 total members; 1,108 mean members), and service provider (10.71% of closed groups; 2,206 total members; 735 mean members). For YouTube, 228 videos were examined after removing irrelevant and overlapping videos across sorting options. These videos amassed a total of 41,296,486 views, 170,707 likes, 15,479 dislikes, and 31,798 comments, and had a total duration of 340:29:12 (hh:mm:ss). Video upload dates ranged from July 2006 to July 2017 (when data collection took place) and duration ranged from 00:00:07 to 13:31:19. The three most common categories of videos were management, information sharing, and misinformation. The amount of misinformation varied by sorting option, with the most misinformation found when sorting by relevance (30.9%) and the least when sorting by rating (15.9%). Results for YouTube videos are summarized in Table 1. Fifty-two tinnitus-related Twitter accounts were analyzed. These accounts had a total of 155,167 followers (mean = 2,984) and produced a total of 33,932 tweets (mean = 6,499). The three most common categories were misinformation (34.6% of accounts; 28,042 total followers, 1,558 mean followers), service provider (25% of accounts; 96,959 total followers; 7,458 mean followers), and information sharing (25% of accounts; 23,376 total followers; 1,798 mean followers). Overall, the studied information varied in authenticity. Social media users who search for tinnitus-related information can get information about the condition, locate medical professionals, find peer support, and advocate for increased awareness of tinnitus. DISCUSSION The findings of this study suggest that social media platforms offer a multitude of tinnitus-related information that can help affected individuals cope with the condition. The highest rates of activity were found on Facebook, which is currently the world's most utilized social media platform (J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017). YouTube was a unique platform in that tinnitus management videos (the most popular category) offered potential self-help and “do-it-yourself” relief options. Additionally, the study authors noted that some of the most pertinent and accurate videos resulted when sorting YouTube videos by rating, rather than YouTube's default sorting option of relevance. Substantial amounts of misinformation were found throughout all investigated platforms. Of the six social media metrics assessed, five had misinformation as one of the top categories. Although not all misinformation was spread maliciously, it became clear that social media may attract those with malevolent intentions. For example, several products and supplements were found across platforms that marketed themselves as tinnitus cures, some being sold for hundreds of dollars each. Many of these products have been clinically investigated and determined to offer no benefits besides a possible placebo effect (J Am Acad Audiol. 2014 Jan;25(1):106). Further investigation is needed to determine how to flag search results or products promoting misinformation on social media. This study had some limitations, many of which are unavoidable and inherent to social media, including potentially targeting search results based on IP addresses and personal accounts, the evolving nature of social media, and the possibility that the keywords searched may not have been all-inclusive. Future investigations should consider assessing micro-level trends in social media use and the susceptibility of the tinnitus community to online misinformation. Nonetheless, the results of this study can help audiologists and other hearing health professionals understand the current online portrayal of tinnitus. Clinicians should be prepared to combat the significant online tinnitus-related misinformation and offer patients correct information to help them effectively manage their condition.

This article reflects on part of a three-year battle over the redevelopment of an iconic Melbourne music venue, the Palace-Metro Nightclub (the Palace), involving the tactical use of Facebook Page data at trial. We were invited by the Save the Palace group, Melbourne City Council and the National Trust of Australia to provide Facebook Page data analysis as evidence of the social value of the venue at an appeals trial heard at the Victorian Civil Administration Tribunal (VCAT) in 2016. We take a reflexive ethnographic approach here to explore the data production, collection and analysis processes as these represent and constitute a “data public”.Although the developers won the appeal and were able to re-develop the site, the court accepted the validity of social media data as evidence of the building’s social value (Jinshan Investment Group Pty Ltd v Melbourne CC [2016] VCAT 626, 117; see also Victorian Planning Reports). Through the case, we elaborate on the concept of data publics by considering the “affordising” (Pollock) processes at play when extracting, analysing and visualising social media data. Affordising refers to the designed, deliberate and incidental effects of datafication and highlights the need to attend to the capacities for data collection and processing as they produce particular analytical outcomes. These processes foreground the compositional character of data publics, and the unevenness of data literacies (McCosker “Data Literacies”; Gray et al.) as a factor of the interpersonal and institutional capacity to read and mobilise data for social outcomes.We begin by reconsidering the often-assumed connection between social media data and their publics. Taking onboard theoretical accounts of publics as problem-oriented (Dewey) and dynamically constituted (Kelty), we conceptualise data publics through the key elements of a) consequentiality, b) sufficient connection over time, c) affective or emotional qualities of connection and interaction with the events. We note that while social data analytics may be a powerful tool for public protest, it equally affords use against public interests and introduces risks in relation to a lack of transparency, access or adequate data literacy.Urban Protest and Data Publics There are many examples globally of the use of social media to engage publics in battles over urban development or similar issues (e.g. Fredericks and Foth). Some have asked how social media might be better used by neighborhood organisations to mobilise protest and save historic buildings, cultural landmarks or urban sites (Johnson and Halegoua). And we can only note here the wealth of research literature on social movements, protest and social media. To emphasise Gerbaudo’s point, drawing on Mattoni, we “need to account for how exactly the use of these media reshapes the ‘repertoire of communication’ of contemporary movements and affects the experience of participants” (2). For us, this also means better understanding the role that social data plays in both aiding and reshaping urban protest or arming third sector groups with evidence useful in social institutions such as the courts.New modes of digital engagement enable forms of distributed digital citizenship, which Meikle sees as the creative political relationships that form through exercising rights and responsibilities. Associated with these practices is the transition from sanctioned, simple discursive forms of social protest in petitions, to new indicators of social engagement in more nuanced social media data and the more interactive forms of online petition platforms like change.org or GetUp (Halpin et al.). These technical forms code publics in specific ways that have implications for contemporary protest action. That is, they provide the operational systems and instructions that shape social actions and relationships for protest purposes (McCosker and Milne).All protest and social movements are underwritten by explicit or implicit concepts of participatory publics as these are shaped, enhanced, or threatened by communication technologies. But participatory protest publics are uneven, and as Kelty asks: “What about all the people who are neither protesters nor Twitter users? In the broadest possible sense this ‘General Public’ cannot be said to exist as an actual entity, but only as a kind of virtual entity” (27). Kelty is pointing to the porous boundary between a general public and an organised public, or formal enterprise, as a reminder that we cannot take for granted representations of a public, or the public as a given, in relation to Like or follower data for instance.If carefully gauged, the concept of data publics can be useful. To start with, the notions of publics and publicness are notoriously slippery. Baym and boyd explore the differences between these two terms, and the way social media reconfigures what “public” is. Does a Comment or a Like on a Facebook Page connect an individual sufficiently to an issues-public? As far back as the 1930s, John Dewey was seeking a pragmatic approach to similar questions regarding human association and the pluralistic space of “the public”. For Dewey, “the machine age has so enormously expanded, multiplied, intensified and complicated the scope of the indirect consequences [of human association] that the resultant public cannot identify itself” (157). To what extent, then, can we use data to constitute a public in relation to social protest in the age of data analytics?There are numerous well formulated approaches to studying publics in relation to social media and social networks. Social network analysis (SNA) determines publics, or communities, through links, ties and clustering, by measuring and mapping those connections and to an extent assuming that they constitute some form of sociality. Networked publics (Ito, 6) are understood as an outcome of social media platforms and practices in the use of new digital media authoring and distribution tools or platforms and the particular actions, relationships or modes of communication they afford, to use James Gibson’s sense of that term. “Publics can be reactors, (re)makers and (re)distributors, engaging in shared culture and knowledge through discourse and social exchange as well as through acts of media reception” (Ito 6). Hashtags, for example, facilitate connectivity and visibility and aid in the formation and “coordination of ad hoc issue publics” (Bruns and Burgess 3). Gray et al., following Ruppert, argue that “data publics are constituted by dynamic, heterogeneous arrangements of actors mobilised around data infrastructures, sometimes figuring as part of them, sometimes emerging as their effect”. The individuals of data publics are neither subjugated by the logics and metrics of digital platforms and data structures, nor simply sovereign agents empowered by the expressive potential of aggregated data (Gray et al.).Data publics are more than just aggregates of individual data points or connections. They are inherently unstable, dynamic (despite static analysis and visualisations), or vibrant, and ephemeral. We emphasise three key elements of active data publics. First, to be more than an aggregate of individual items, a data public needs to be consequential (in Dewey’s sense of issues or problem-oriented). Second, sufficient connection is visible over time. Third, affective or emotional activity is apparent in relation to events that lend coherence to the public and its prevailing sentiment. To these, we add critical attention to the affordising processes – or the deliberate and incidental effects of datafication and analysis, in the capacities for data collection and processing in order to produce particular analytical outcomes, and the data literacies these require. We return to the latter after elaborating on the Save the Palace case.Visualising Publics: Highlighting Engagement and IntensityThe Palace theatre was built in 1912 and served as a venue for theatre, cinema, live performance, musical acts and as a nightclub. In 2014 the Heritage Council decided not to include the Palace on Victoria’s heritage register and hence opened the door for developers, but Melbourne City Council and the National Trust of Australia opposed the redevelopment on the grounds of the building’s social significance as a music venue. Similarly, the Save the Palace group saw the proposed redevelopment as affecting the capacity of Melbourne CBD to host medium size live performances, and therefore impacting deeply on the social fabric of the local music scene. The Save the Palace group, chaired by Rebecca Leslie and Michael Raymond, maintained a 36,000+ strong Facebook Page and mobilised local members through regular public street protests, and participated in court proceedings in 2015 and February 2016 with Melbourne City Council and National Trust Australia. Joining the protesters in the lead up to the 2016 appeals trial, we aimed to use social media engagement data to measure, analyse and present evidence of the extent and intensity of a sustained protest public. The evidence we submitted had to satisfy VCAT’s need to establish the social value of the building and the significance of its redevelopment, and to explain: a) how social media works; b) the meaning of the number of Facebook Likes on the Save The Palace Page and the timing of those Likes, highlighting how the reach and Likes pick up at significant events; and c) whether or not a representative sample of Comments are supportive of the group and the Palace Theatre (McCosker “Statement”). As noted in the case (Jinshan, 117), where courts have traditionally relied on one simple measure for contemporary social value – the petition – our aim was to make use of the richer measures available through social media data, to better represent sustained engagement with the issues over time.Visualising a protest public in this way raises two significant problems for a workable concept of data p

Nowadays, online social media platforms such as Facebook are where many people follow and share opinions about stories, products, and services. Facebook Page is one of the Facebook online communities where posted information is monitored by both Facebook Page admins and members. However, with so many Facebook Pages and comments today, it can be very challenging to find and compare opinions on a particular issue from the same and between Facebook Pages. As a result, consumers lose time to search and may not receive different perspectives of information enough to make an informed decision. This research, therefore, presents a system to help users collect, analyze and visualize opinions from both the same and other Facebook Pages to make a comparison of aggregated sentiment analysis from Facebook Pages more convenient by using a case study of sentiment analysis of movie reviews in Thai. In addition, a preliminary assessment of the proposed system was undertaken and the findings are reported in this study.

The American Heritage Center (AHC) formed a Web 2.0 Task Force beginning in April 2009 to develop a social networking strategy and implementation plan. Two years later, the AHC has a blog, a Facebook page, and a Twitter account. After a year and a half of engagement with these utilities, we have accumulated a small online following, gathered data about the kinds of content preferred by our users, and identified areas for future experimentation and growth. This case study will describe our strategic planning process, discuss the transition from concept development to implementation, and highlight how assessment has informed the AHC’s plans for growing its Web 2.0 presence.

PurposeClubfoot is the most common congenital foot deformity in children. Caregivers often seek medical information on the internet. The aim of the study was to characterize how social media is used by caregivers to access medical information.MethodsA search was performed on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube platforms. Information was quantitatively assessed. Comments were qualitatively assessed, and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to study thematic comment distribution.ResultsIn total, 58 Facebook groups and pages, 109 YouTube accounts and ten Twitter accounts related to clubfoot were discovered from 2007 to 2019. Facebook groups and pages had a collective 56 123 members and 80 544 total likes, respectively. YouTube had a collective 3 280 454 views, with 54 969 total comments throughout the accounts. Comment themes most commonly included sharing information and advice (38.7%), appreciation and success stories (12.8%), emotional support (12.7%) and social media as a second opinion (11.9%). Facebook groups contained a significantly higher number of comments related to ‘social media as a second opinion’ compared with Facebook pages (p = 0.001), Twitter (p = 0.016) and YouTube (p < 0.0001) while YouTube contained a significantly lower number of comments related to ‘sharing information’ compared with Facebook groups, pages and Twitter (p < 0.0001).ConclusionSocial media continues to be a growing tool for information sharing and the findings of this study highlight the importance placed by caregivers on the advice of their peers. The online presence of caregivers may represent an opportunity for orthopaedic surgeons to communicate with patients and help them make informed decisions.Level of evidenceIV

Purpose: In recent years, social media has taken on a new role of helping spread awareness about numerous health conditions, including hyperacusis. Individuals with hyperacusis, which is an atypical response to sound that individuals with normal hearing would find acceptable, are turning to social media platforms to learn about and seek guidance regarding their condition, to communicate with healthcare providers, as well as to find support in other members of the hyperacusis community. The purpose of this study was to investigate trends of social media portrayal of hyperacusis.Methods: This investigation systematically analyzed and quantified information related to hyperacusis on three currently popular social media platforms – Facebook (pages and groups), Twitter and YouTube. Further, we noted participation trends across the platforms. The keyword ‘hyperacusis’ was searched on each platform, and results were manually scraped by two reviewers based on numbers of ‘likes’, ‘members’, ‘followers’, ‘views’, ‘comments’ and other social media metrics.Results: Over half of the recorded online activity was seen on YouTube, followed by Facebook pages. YouTube was dominated by videos of individuals sharing their experiences with hyperacusis, while Facebook pages were a popular platform for service providers like audiologists. Misinformation and other false claims were found across all platforms, but predominantly on Facebook pages and YouTube.Conclusions: This investigation suggests that individuals in the hyperacusis community turn to social media to learn about their condition and share their experiences. Results of this investigation will equip audiologists with information regarding the current portrayal of hyperacusis online and on social media platforms. Audiologists and other hearing health professionals may use these findings to better counsel patients with hyperacusis.

The All Right? campaign was developed as a mental health promotion campaign following the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. One aspect of the overall campaign was the utilisation of social media as a means of promoting wellbeing messages. This research evaluates the use of the All Right? Facebook page as a means of promoting wellbeing after a major natural disaster. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather data about the social media component of the All Right? campaign. Findings indicate that the All Right? Facebook page has become a valued source of consistent wellbeing tips and advice -'the place that I go'. Wellbeing reminders posted on the page were especially valued following earthquake aftershocks. High proportions of respondents to a survey (n = 212) linked from the All Right? Facebook page agreed that the page was helpful (98%), gave people ideas of things that they can do to help themselves (96%), and made people think about their wellbeing (93%). Over four fifths (85%) of respondents had done activities as a result of what they saw on the All Right? Facebook page. Success factors for the Facebook page often mirrored those for the campaign itself, including: local research to inform the use of appropriate language for translating evidence-based wellbeing messages into a local setting; not being marketed as a government message; and effectively combining public health and communications expertise. Success factors specific to the Facebook page included: regular posts with a focus on issues that affect everyone in Canterbury post-disaster; timely posts, especially immediately following aftershocks; a consistent tone for the All Right? Facebook page; and balancing wellbeing facts and tips with other content that was relevant to the Canterbury population. The overall success of the All Right? Facebook page was reliant on being part of a trusted population-wide mental health promotion campaign.

Vaccination against Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was successfully introduced in the Danish childhood vaccination program in 2009 for girls aged 12 with coverage reaching approximately 90%. However, media attention focusing on vaccine safety resulted in a rapid drop in vaccination coverage from 2015. In May 2017, a national campaign “Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer” with aim to regain trust in the official HPV vaccine recommendation and to increase vaccination coverage, was launched. The primary target group of the campaign are mothers in doubt whether to HPV vaccinate their daughter. One of the main elements of the campaign is the social media strategy which includes a Facebook (FB) page “Stop HPV - stop cervical cancer”. New content is made for the page one or twice weekly with a wide range of different post styles used. The FB page is staffed throughout the week and every comment made on the FB page personally answered by the staff. The communication strategy used for the campaign is “heart-brain” with a strategy of communicating “brain” facts about safety and effectiveness of the vaccine while on the other hand telling narrative “heart” stories, such as personal stories of women with cervical cancer. The strategy is in line with recommendations from World Health Organization (WHO) who acknowledge health communication related to vaccines is not only about telling facts, but also about eliciting emotions, creating trust and ensuring genuine understanding by the target group. Communicating on FB about the Childhood vaccination programme has not been used by the Danish Authorities before and there has been a keen interest to learn from the campaign initiative. To quantify and qualify the interaction on Facebook, engagement rates and sentiment analysis to the different types of FB posts have been evaluated and focus groups used to describe the preferred communication style. Data from the evaluation and the impact of the campaign will be presented at the workshop.

Background: Cancer is among leading cause of death (8.8 million) worldwide. Around 14.2 million new cases were recorded in 2012 and increasing each year. On the other hand there are about 2.8 billion users of different social media platforms (i.e., 37% of the world population). This tremendous power of social media can be used for disseminating effective information and communication on cancer prevention more efficiently (i.e., in less time to more people) to create awareness against the disease. Tobacco, alcohol and food industry have been using social media for aggressive advertising and marketing of their products. There is an urgent need to maximally use this medium of communication for advancing cancer prevention globally. Aim: To assess the role of social media in implementing effective health promotion strategies to advance cancer prevention. Methods: Extensive Web search has been done on the way social media (e.g., Facebook) is used for advancing public health communication and how it has been leveraged in the field of cancer prevention. Several Facebook pages and groups, YouTube channels were analyzed thoroughly. Various reports and articles on social media have been reviewed and analyzed. Results: Social media has been found very effective in terms of engaging greater number of population globally. Many Facebook pages and groups are available that provide information regarding specific cancer or provide support for cancer survivors. Several informative videos related to cancer prevention and survivors' stories are broadcast on various YouTube channels run by individuals, government, and nongovernment organizations. There have been many Instagram accounts on cancer but many of them don't provide relevant information on cancer prevention. However, genuine and relevant information are available through several Twitter handles. These social media platforms have very high penetration power. Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and Twitter have monthly reach to more than 1871, 1000, 500 and 263 million users respectively. This large number of user base can become a great source of spreading information on various aspects of cancer prevention through a comprehensive social media campaign. Conclusion: Social media platforms improve outreach and can also help carrying the relevant preventive health messages on cancer prevention, not only for the cancer patient but the public at large. Social media will help in amplifying the messages to the global mass while motivating prevention and health promotion to achieve public health objectives.

The rapid development and popularity of social media and social networks provide people with unprecedented opportunities to express and share their thoughts, views, opinions and feelings about almost anything through their personal webpages and blogs or using social network sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Blogger. This study focuses on sentiment analysis of social media content because automatically identifying and classifying opinions from social media posts can provide significant economic values and social benefits. The major problem with sentiment analysis of social media posts is that it is extremely vast, fragmented, unorganized and unstructured. Nevertheless, many organizations and individuals are highly interested to know what other peoples are thinking or feeling about their services and products. Therefore, sentiment analysis has increasingly become a major area of research interest in the field of Natural Language Processing and Text Mining. In general, sentiment analysis is the process of automatically identifying and categorizing opinions in order to determine whether the writer's attitude towards a particular entity is positive or negative. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, there is no Deep learning approach done for Afaan Oromoo Sentiment analysis to identify the opinion of the people on social media content. Therefore, in this study, we focused on investigating Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short Term Memory deep learning approaches for the development of sentiment analysis of Afaan Oromoo social media content such as Facebook posts comments. To this end, a total of 1452 comments collected from the official site of the Facebook page of Oromo Democratic Party/ODP for the study. After collecting the data, manual annotation is undertaken. Preprocessing, normalization, tokenization, stop word removal of the sentence are performed. We used the Keras deep learning python library to implement both deep learning algorithms. Long Short Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Network, we used word embedding as a feature. We conducted our experiment on the selected classifiers. For classifiers, we used 80% training and 20% testing rule. According to the experiment, the result shows that Convolutional Neural Network achieves the accuracy of 89%. The Long Short Memory achieves accuracy of 87.6%. Even though the result is promising there are still challenges. Keywords : Sentiment Analysis; Opinionated Afaan Oromoo facebook comments; Oromo Democratic Party Facebook page DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/90-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

The rapid development and popularity of social media and social networks provide people with unprecedented opportunities to express and share their thoughts, views, opinions and feelings about almost anything through their personal webpages and blogs or using social network sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Blogger. This study focuses on sentiment analysis of social media content because automatically identifying and classifying opinions from social media posts can provide significant economic values and social benefits. The major problem with sentiment analysis of social media posts is that it is extremely vast, fragmented, unorganized and unstructured. Nevertheless, many organizations and individuals are highly interested to know what other peoples are thinking or feeling about their services and products. Therefore, sentiment analysis has increasingly become a major area of research interest in the field of Natural Language Processing and Text Mining. In general, sentiment analysis is the process of automatically identifying and categorizing opinions in order to determine whether the writer's attitude towards a particular entity is positive or negative. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, there is no Deep learning approach done for Afaan Oromoo Sentiment analysis to identify the opinion of the people on social media content. Therefore, in this study, we focused on investigating Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short Term Memory deep learning approaches for the development of sentiment analysis of Afaan Oromoo social media content such as Facebook posts comments. To this end, a total of 1452 comments collected from the official site of the Facebook page of Oromo Democratic Party/ODP for the study. After collecting the data, manual annotation is undertaken. Preprocessing, normalization, tokenization, stop word removal of the sentence are performed. We used the Keras deep learning python library to implement both deep learning algorithms. Long Short Term Memory and Convolutional Neural Network, we used word embedding as a feature. We conducted our experiment on the selected classifiers. For classifiers, we used 80% training and 20% testing rule. According to the experiment, the result shows that Convolutional Neural Network achieves the accuracy of 89%. The Long Short Memory achieves accuracy of 87.6%. Even though the result is promising there are still challenges. Keywords : Sentiment Analysis; Opinionated Afaan Oromoo facebook comments; Oromo Democratic Party Facebook page DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/90-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Event Abstract Back to Event The internet and the social media as a source of information and support in aphasia Eugenia P. Kouki1*, Mary H. Kosmidis1 and Hariklia Proios2 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Psychology, Greece 2 University of Macedonia, Department of Educational & Social Policy, Greece The majority of healthcare professionals use social media for professional purposes (Dooley, Jones, & Iverson, 2014), and Facebook has been reported as the most popular online social network (Anderson & Guyton, 2013). Researchers have suggested that an available online account may improve physicians’ communication with their patients, and help them be more accessible and useful to the latter (Hawn, 2009). When cautiously used, social media can augment the clinician’s service provision and the patient-doctor relationship (Spence, Lachlan, Westerman, & Spates, 2013). Also, research has shown that women use social media more than men in order to search for health information (Al Ghamdi & Moussa, 2012) and that they benefit significantly more than men from Internet-based interventions (Fotiadou, Northcott, Chatzidaki, & Hilari, 2014; Lieberman, 2003). A particular clinical group of women, namely, those with aphasia, are known to lack the proper social support, despite increased need for timely and accessible information and support regarding their condition (Fotiadou et al., 2014). We therefore examined perceptions of health-care and non-health-care users of social media as related to an aphasia-related website, and a corresponding Facebook page. We expected that viewers’ evaluation of the website and the Facebook page would be affected by gender and occupation, with women and healthcare professionals seeking knowledge about aphasia scoring higher in the following items within a 19-item questionnaire: future visits to the pages, perceived usefulness of the information in the pages, and preference over other sources. As seen in Table 1, women had higher scores than men in perceived usefulness of the website information (item 10); t(168)=-2.89, p<0.01, (but not of the Facebook page information (item 11); t(167)=1.054), in future visits of the website and the Facebook page (item 14, and item 15); t(168)=-3.06, p<0.01, and t(166)=-2.85, p<0.01 correspondingly, and preference of the website (item 16); t(168)=-3.66, p<0.01, (but not of the Facebook page (item 17); t(164)=1.987). Table 2 demonstrates that healthcare professionals scored higher than non-healthcare professionals in perceived usefulness of the website information (item 10); t(168)=2.26, p<0.05 (but not of the Facebook page information; t(167)=-1.542), in future visits of the website and the Facebook page (item 14, and item 15); t(168)=3.22, p<0.01, and t(166)=3.25, p<0.01 correspondingly, and in preference of the website and the Facebook page over other sources (item 16, and item 17); t(168)=2.54, p<0.01, and t(164)=1.98, p<0.05. However, no interaction between gender and occupation was found. This implies that being a woman and a healthcare professional does not affect their evaluation of the pages more than being a man and a healthcare professional. We concluded that both female and male viewers overall valued the content of both pages. This work demonstrates the need for more structured and methodological comparisons on the usefulness of social media and websites related to aphasia. Figure 1 Figure 2 Acknowledgements We thank the members of Thessaloniki Aphasia Team, who participated in the development of the website and the Facebook page.

BackgroundWhen people with health conditions begin to manage their health issues, one important issue that emerges is the question as to what exactly do they do with the information that they have obtained through various sources (eg, news media, social media, health professionals, friends, and family). The information they gather helps form their opinions and, to some degree, influences their attitudes toward managing their condition.ObjectiveThis study aimed to understand how tinnitus is represented in the US newspaper media and in Facebook pages (ie, social media) using text pattern analysis.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study based upon secondary analyses of publicly available data. The 2 datasets (ie, text corpuses) analyzed in this study were generated from US newspaper media during 1980-2017 (downloaded from the database US Major Dailies by ProQuest) and Facebook pages during 2010-2016. The text corpuses were analyzed using the Iramuteq software using cluster analysis and chi-square tests.ResultsThe newspaper dataset had 432 articles. The cluster analysis resulted in 5 clusters, which were named as follows: (1) brain stimulation (26.2%), (2) symptoms (13.5%), (3) coping (19.8%), (4) social support (24.2%), and (5) treatment innovation (16.4%). A time series analysis of clusters indicated a change in the pattern of information presented in newspaper media during 1980-2017 (eg, more emphasis on cluster 5, focusing on treatment inventions). The Facebook dataset had 1569 texts. The cluster analysis resulted in 7 clusters, which were named as: (1) diagnosis (21.9%), (2) cause (4.1%), (3) research and development (13.6%), (4) social support (18.8%), (5) challenges (11.1%), (6) symptoms (21.4%), and (7) coping (9.2%). A time series analysis of clusters indicated no change in information presented in Facebook pages on tinnitus during 2011-2016.ConclusionsThe study highlights the specific aspects about tinnitus that the US newspaper media and Facebook pages focus on, as well as how these aspects change over time. These findings can help health care providers better understand the presuppositions that tinnitus patients may have. More importantly, the findings can help public health experts and health communication experts in tailoring health information about tinnitus to promote self-management, as well as assisting in appropriate choices of treatment for those living with tinnitus.