Abstract
A semi-analytical solution to the problem of noise emission by a finite size object in shallow water is described. The acoustic field near the object is formulated in spherical coordinates. An inner region is set up to satisfy bottom boundary conditions and the normal mode solution of the outer region is matched at some distance from the source. Several numerical examples related to noise emission from bubble clouds are given. Comparison with the method of images shows excellent agreement up to a certain distance from the source where the image solution is expected to be accurate. The technique is also extended to handle arbitrary sound-speed profiles in water column by means of a novel method for calculating normal modes. The point source approximation that has been widely used in the literature is also discussed by comparing the normal mode coefficients. It is found that the validity of the point source solution depends very much on the local radiation characteristics of the source.
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