Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
Highlights
Plants are constantly threatened by an array of biotic stresses in their natural environment
These molecules interact with the plant surface, which amplifies the signals received through the transmission of plant signal molecules that induce signal transduction cascades and activate defense and resistance genes in resistant varieties, while the susceptible lines are overcome by the pathogens, insects, and herbivores [13,14]
The multicompent model, on the other hand, is different from other models where the R genes and effectors are described as independent where all plant pathogen-related information should be utilized to design techniques in plant breeding for resistance. This model is established on two main components: activation and modulation [83], which is further divided into (1) interaction between principle components, (2) R gene activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-triggered signaling (PTS), (3) metabolic changes resulting in feedback regulation triggering hormone-tempered resistance (HTR), and (4) modulation of the resistance stage where PTS and the HTR together control resistance based on the pathogen’s lifestyle
Summary
Plants are constantly threatened by an array of biotic stresses in their natural environment. The second line of defense system is enhanced with the ability of plants to recognize certain pathogens and insects through their secretomes and other molecular patterns. These molecules interact with the plant surface, which amplifies the signals received through the transmission of plant signal molecules that induce signal transduction cascades and activate defense and resistance genes in resistant varieties, while the susceptible lines are overcome by the pathogens, insects, and herbivores [13,14]. In this review, we will examine the roles played by elicitors, receptors, their interaction, and pathways activated in surmounting defense responses in hosts These reactions involve responses to pathogens, non-pathogens, herbivores, and chemical signals. The existing gap in information and the potential applications of the knowledge acquired from this systematic review have been further elaborated
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