Abstract
To what extent is insect hopping and feeding performance, which constrains the ability to obtain and assimilate resources, thermally adapted along an elevation gradient? Does temperature dependence vary between populations and species and can differences account for individualistic responses to past climate change? We investigate these questions for three species of grasshoppers along a Rocky Mountain elevation gradient. All species and populations exhibit warm adaptation for consumption and digestion, with only modest inter- and intra-specific differences. Species differ substantially in the temperature of peak hopping performance. Low-elevation populations of the warm-adapted species exhibit the highest performance at high temperatures and the lowest performance at low temperatures. Developmental plasticity influences the temperature dependence of performance; grasshoppers reared at higher temperatures perform better at higher temperatures and possess broader thermal tolerance. We fitted thermal performance curves to examine whether performance shifts can account for changes in abundance between initial surveys in 1958-1960 and recent surveys since 2006. All species and populations are able to achieve greater feeding rates now. Estimated shifts in hopping performance vary between species and along the elevation gradient. The cool-adapted species has experienced declines in hopping performance, particularly at the lower elevation sites, while the warm-adapted species has experienced increases in performance concentrated at higher elevations. These estimated performance shifts broadly concur with observed abundance shifts. Performance metrics may have a greater potential to elucidate differential responses to climate change between populations and species than coarser and oft-used proxies, such as thermal tolerance. Assessing performance directly when temperature dependence varies between processes such as the acquisition and assimilation of energy may be essential to understanding population- and species-level impacts.
Highlights
Environmental temperature can constrain ectothermic organisms by limiting their ability to locate, gather, consume and assimilate resources
To what extent is insect hopping and feeding performance, which constrains the ability to obtain and assimilate resources, thermally adapted along an elevation gradient? Does temperature dependence vary between populations and species and can differences account for individualistic responses to past climate change? We investigate these questions for three species of grasshoppers along a Rocky Mountain elevation gradient
Grasshopper feeding rates increased with increasing temperature over the range of body temperatures chronically realized among our study sites (15–40°C; Fig. 1)
Summary
Environmental temperature can constrain ectothermic organisms by limiting their ability to locate, gather, consume and assimilate resources These processes follow a hump-shaped rate function (thermal performance curve, TPC), with performance being optimal at an intermediate body temperature (Huey and Kingsolver, 1989). Conservation Physiology Volume 2 2014 been widely observed along elevation and latitudinal gradients (Angilletta, 2009; Kingsolver, 2009), for insects (Hodkinson, 2005). This dependence of performance and fitness on temperature has been used effectively as a basis for understanding and predicting the ecological impacts of climate change on populations and species. Related analyses suggest that restrictions in lizard performance and activity duration associated with climate change drive extinctions (Sinervo et al, 2010) and range shifts (Buckley et al, 2010; Kearney, 2012)
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