Abstract
Significant development of cells and bioactive compound encapsulation technologies is taking place due to an exceptional possibility of their application in various scientific disciplines, including biomedicine, pharmacy, cosmetology, food and agricultural sciences, beverage production, industrial waste treatment. Despite the broad application of microencapsulation, the literature reviews on dispersion techniques for microcapsule/microbead production, their advantages, restrictions and drawbacks are scarce. The purpose of this paper is to assess the possibilities of electrostatic extrusion for encapsulation of biological material, including living cells in hydrogel microbeads. The paper presents an overview of the mechanisms of droplet formation and controlling experimental parameters for producing microbeads by means of electrostatic extrusion. Electrostatic droplet formation utilizes a special type of physical process taking advantage of electrostatic effects occurring in flowing conductive liquids after introduction of an electric field.When an electrostatic field is applied to the metal needle and an electric charge is induced in the liquid flowing out of the needle, the size of droplet detaching from the needle tip decreases as a funcion of applied electrostatic field. It has been shown that few parameters affect microbead size: applied voltage, electrode geometry, needle size, polarity arrangement and polymer concentration. The electrostatic droplet formation is one of the most precise methods, which enables one to produce spherical and uniform particles ranging from 100 ?m up to 1000 ?m. Most of the authors report that the encapsulated compounds (drugs, enzymes and living cells) remain unaltered after electrostatic extrusion. This technique seems to be particularly promising in biotechnology, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, where a low-temperature process, preserving heat-sensitive material is a prerequisite. Future efforts in developing of electrostatic extrusion should be directed towards adequately scaling-up for commercial purpose.
Highlights
U industriji kao što su prehrambena, hemijska, farmaceutska i industrija kozmetike, osnovni preduslov za uspešnu primenu inkapsulacije u proizvodnji je ekonomičnost procesa, ali za primenu u medicini i farmaceutsko-biotehnološkim procesima kriterijumi su nešto stroži
Slika 3a predstavlja geometriju paralelnih ploča („plane parallel“), gde je pozitivno naelektrisanje primenjeno na ploču koja je postavljena paralelno sa posudom u kojoj se nalazi rastvor za očvršćavanje
Posuda u kojoj se nalazi rastvor za očvršćavanje je uzemljena i istih je dimenzija kao i pozitivno naelektrisana ploča
Summary
Mikroinkapsulacija se može definisati kao proces koji uključuje potpuno obuhvatanje ćelija, enzima i biološki aktivnih supstanci unutar definisanih poroznih, polupropusnih materijala korišćenjem različitih tehnika, tako da nastaju čestice veličine 1–1000 μm [1]. U industriji kao što su prehrambena, hemijska, farmaceutska i industrija kozmetike, osnovni preduslov za uspešnu primenu inkapsulacije u proizvodnji je ekonomičnost procesa, ali za primenu u medicini i farmaceutsko-biotehnološkim procesima kriterijumi su nešto stroži. Tehnika za inkapsulaciju za primenu u medicini i farmaceutsko-biotehnološkim procesima bi trebalo da obezbedi visoku efikasnost inkapsulacije i mogućnost procesuiranja različitih materijala za inkapsulaciju. Veka, elektrostatička ekstruzija se među disperzionim ekstruzionim tehnikama izdvojila kao tehnika kojom se na relativno jednostavan način mogu proizvesti čestice mikronskih veličina, i koja predstavlja pogodan način za imobilizaciju biološkog materijala, uključujući žive ćelije, što je opisano od strane nekoliko autora [29,31,32]. Biće opisani primeri koji ilustruju mogućnosti primene ove disperzione tehnike
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