Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an important bioactive phenolic acid with significant biochemical activities, including the antioxidant one. It is widely found in plants of the families Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae and has many uses in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. RA is an electroactive species owing to the presence of the two catechol groups in its structure. Due to their inherent characteristics, such as sensitivity, selectivity, ease of operation and not too high costs, electrochemical methods of analysis are interesting tools for the assessment of redox-active compounds. Moreover, there is a good correlation between the redox potential of the analyte and its capability to donate electrons and, consequently, its antioxidant activity. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the electrochemical (bio)sensors and methods, in both stationary and dynamic systems, applied for RA investigation under different aspects. These comprise its antioxidant activity, its interaction with biological important molecules and the quantification of RA or total polyphenolic content in different samples.
Highlights
Polyphenolic compounds (PCs) comprise a variety of substances, from very simple to extremely complex ones, with approximately 8000 such compounds being known [1]
rosmarinic acid (RA) electrooxidation at PGE [57] was quasi-reversible and controlled by the analyte diffusion towards the electrode, but the number of changed electrons was found to be two. This outcome can be explained considering that: (i)phenols oxidation mechanisms are very complex and, depending on the experimental conditions, may involve more steps occurring at various rates, implying a different number of electrons and protons [42] and generating diverse intermediates (e.g., o-semiquinone radicals, which may further participate in reactions such as coupling, nucleophilic attack or proton loss) [9,12,44,58,59,60] and (ii) PGE has a distinct structure compared to other carbon working electrodes, namely glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and it is possible for RA to interact in another manner with this graphite nanocomposite electrode material; the electrode processes occur differently and only one two-electron redox process is observed
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–electrochemical detection (ECD) combined with PCA and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis were recently applied to establish the chromatographic fingerprints of acacia raw honey and raw honey treated with macroporous adsorption resins and to discriminate the adulterated products [88,89]
Summary
Polyphenolic compounds (PCs) comprise a variety of substances, from very simple to extremely complex ones, with approximately 8000 such compounds being known [1]. Hydroxycinnamic acidsand (HCAs), namely rosmarinic para-coumaric acid, correlated with their structural features byhave scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion of and caffeic acid, ferulic acid and synapic acid, a phenylpropanoid structure, which consists an peroxyl aromatic ring bearing different substituents (most often hydroxyl or methoxy groups) and a propane radicals, peroxinitrite and singlet oxygen, and through metal chelation, chain interruption and residue that can be substituted as it is the case of RA These acids are found in cereals, oil seeds, enzymatic activity modulation [9,10]. Their efficiency as antioxidants is betaceum), a fruit with therapeutic and nutritional attributes, have in composition various classes of correlated with their structural features by scavenging hydroxyl, superoxide anion and peroxyl radicals, compounds, amongand which phenolic acids, especially hydroxycinnamic acidand derivatives, peroxinitrite singletare oxygen, and through metal chelation, chain interruption enzymatic namely rosmarinic acidmodulation glucosides, their derivative, as well as and(Solanum rosmarinic acida [11]. RA, as an ES found in plants, has a crucial role in supporting life
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