Abstract
Recent advances in electrochemical devices have sparked exciting opportunities in the healthcare, environment, and food industries. These devices can be fabricated at low costs and are capable of multiplex monitoring. This overcomes challenges presnted in traditional sensors for biomolecules and provides us a unique gateway toward comprehensive analyses. The advantages of electrochemical sensors are derived from their direct integration with electronics and their high selectivity along with sensitivity to sense a wide range of ionic analytes at an economical cost. This review paper aims to summarize recent innovations of a wide variety of electrochemical sensors for ionic analytes for health care and industrial applications. Many of these ionic analytes are important biomarkers to target for new diagnostic tools for medicine, food quality monitoring, and pollution detection. In this paper, we will examine various fabrication techniques, sensing mechanisms, and will also discuss various future opportunities in this research direction.
Highlights
The charged ionic species, such as electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl− ) and heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Hg2+ ), play key roles in physiological processes for biological developments, including neural communication networks and biofeedback systems for cardiovascular regulation [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) was deposited through cyclic voltammetry on the surface of the glass carbon electrode to enhance the transport of electron activity at the surface of the electrode
Due to the rise of wearable devices and smart mobiles, they have the potential of being integrated into our daily life
Summary
The charged ionic species, such as electrolytes (Na+ , K+ , Cl− ) and heavy metals (Pb2+ , Cu2+ , Cd2+ , Zn2+ , Hg2+ ), play key roles in physiological processes for biological developments, including neural communication networks and biofeedback systems for cardiovascular regulation [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. It is essential to develop ion-sensitive devices that can track and monitor the ionic concentration levels that have important implications on the health of an individual. Research has shown that various heavy metals can body fluids, which are closely related to human health status [9,11]. Some studies are developing sensors based on organic conducting polymers, such as composites with carbon nanotubes electrochemical sensors based on organic conducting polymers, such as composites with (CNTs), to detect trace heavy metal ions in water [26]. (OCPs), suchhigh as polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polythiophene, Organic conducting polymers (OCPs), such as polypyrrole, polyphenylene, polyaniline, etc., have advanced electrochemical properties toward metal ions detection [29]. We report sensor types, materials, fabrication processes, and sensing mechanisms for ion-selective devices. We will further discuss different future research directions in this area
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