Abstract
Reported here is the design of an electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) based on a screen print carbon electrode modified with a sulphonated polyether ether ketone-iron (III) oxide composite (SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK). L. serica leaf extract was used in the synthesis of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs). Successful synthesis of Fe3O4NP was confirmed through characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible light (UV–VIS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of Fe3O4/SPEEK in 0.1 M of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing 5 mM of potassium ferricyanide (III) solution (K3[Fe(CN)6]). An increase in peak current was observed at the nanocomposite modified electrode SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK) but not SPCE and SPCE-Fe3O4, which could be ascribed to the presence of SPEEK. CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were employed in the electroxidation of dopamine (0.1 mM DA). The detection limit (LoD) of 7.1 μM and 0.005 μA/μM sensitivity was obtained for DA at the SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK electrode with concentrations ranging from 5–50 μM. LOD competes well with other electrodes reported in the literature. The developed sensor demonstrated good practical applicability for DA in a DA injection with good resultant recovery percentages and RSDs values.
Highlights
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine), an organic chemical of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, is one of the most researched neurotransmitters (NTs) because of its major role in the human body such as in the hormonal, renal, central, and cardiovascular systems, and the human metabolism [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
The formation of Fe3 O4 NPs is ascribed to ferrous, ferric salts (iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, iron (III) chloride tetrahydrate, and the leaf extract of L. serica
The oxidation peak current of the SPCE-Fe3 O4 /SPEEK electrode was slightly higher than the bare, which could be due to the presence of SPEEK ascribed to its good electrodes
Summary
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine), an organic chemical of the catecholamine neurotransmitters, is one of the most researched neurotransmitters (NTs) because of its major role in the human body such as in the hormonal, renal, central, and cardiovascular systems, and the human metabolism [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. The health import of DA calls for the need to develop a cost-effective, simple, sensitive, and selective assay with a fast response for DA investigation in pharmaceutical samples. Different assays such as chromatography [15,16], chemiluminescence [17], fluorescence [18], and electrochemistry [19,20,21,22] is employed for DA detection. It had a good detection limit, selectivity, and was successfully utilized to determine DA in the pharmaceutical sample.
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