Abstract
In this study, thin-film-nanocomposite forward-osmosis membranes (TFC-FOMs) were assembled with the top polyamide layer being modified by using titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with camphorsulfonic acid and triethylamine (CT) agents to enhance the separation performance and surface hydrophilicity. The TFC-FOMs were characterized and tested for aquaculture wastewater (AWW) recovery in a bench-scale FO system and a multilayer electro-FO (e-FO) system, respectively. Results show that the CT modified FOM had the highest selectivity, followed by the CT-TiO2 modified FOM. A considerably lower reverse solute flux (RSF) and higher permeate flux were achieved in the separation of the electrolyte from the draw feed or solution under the bipolar membrane (BPM)–BPM modes and anion-exchange-membrane (AEM)–cation-exchange-membrane (CEM). When the CT FOM was used in the e-FO system worked in the AEM–CEM mode under a voltage of 1.5 V, the water production degree reached 711.5 L m−2 in continuous AWW recovery for 6 days, and the energy consumption considerably decreased as the number of membrane sheets was raised from 1 to 4. Overall, the consequences indicated the technical viability of the designed e-FO system for achieving high and stable separation efficiency and low energy consumption in long-duration AWW recovery. Thus, this system shows promise for practical field applications.
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