Abstract
PHEVs and BEVs make use of battery cells optimized for high energy rather than for high power. This means that the power abilities of these batteries are limited. In order to enhance their performance, a hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) architecture can be used combining batteries with electrical-double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Such a hybridized architecture can be accomplished using passive or active systems. In this paper, the characteristics of these topologies have been analyzed and compared based on a newly developed hybridization simulation tool for association of lithium-ion batteries and EDLCs. The analysis shows that the beneficial impact of the EDLCs brings about enhanced battery performances in terms of energy efficiency and voltage drops, rather than extension of vehicle range. These issues have been particularly studied for the passive and active hybrid topologies. The classical passive and active topologies being expensive and less beneficial in term of cost, volume and weight, a new hybrid configuration based on the parallel combination of lithium-ion and EDLCs on cell level has been proposed in this article. This topology allows reducing cost, volume, and weight and system complexity in a significant way. Furthermore, a number of experimental setups have illustrated the power of the novel topology in terms of battery capacity increase and power capabilities during charging and discharging. Finally, a unique cycle life test campaign demonstrated that the lifetime of highly optimized lithium-ion batteries can be extended up to 30%–40%.
Highlights
Since the beginning of the automobile era, the internal combustion engine (ICE) has been used for vehicular propulsion
As the global economy begins to strain under the pressure of rising petroleum prices and environmental concerns, a lot of research work has spurred the development of various types of clean energy transportation systems such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric
The purpose of this study is to investigate the performances of lithium-ion batteries with/without electrical-double layer capacitors (EDLCs) in terms of power, energy efficiency, cost, weight and volume
Summary
Since the beginning of the automobile era, the internal combustion engine (ICE) has been used for vehicular propulsion. Motor vehicles powered by the ICE are significant contributors to air pollutants and greenhouse gases linked to global climate change [1,2]. As the global economy begins to strain under the pressure of rising petroleum prices and environmental concerns, a lot of research work has spurred the development of various types of clean energy transportation systems such as Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric. The requirements for output power during acceleration, efficient use of the regenerative energy and considerable cycle life remain critical aspects for battery technologies to meet [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) applications are likely to have their RESS sized for energy requirements rather for power
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