Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the electrical and thermal properties of miniature transparent heaters for use in a wide range of temperature applications, from 15 K to 350 K. The heater structures were produced in transparent conducting oxide (TCO) layers: indium tin oxide (ITO) and ITO/Ag/ITO on polymer substrates-polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by direct laser patterning. Thermo-resistors for temperature measurement were created in the same process, with geometry corresponding to the shape of the heating path. The thermo-resistors integrated with the heating structure allowed easy control of the thermal state of the heaters. Laser patterning provided high precision and repeatability in terms of the geometry and electrical properties of the heater-sensor structures. Measurements at temperatures from 15 K to above room temperature (350 K) confirmed the excellent dynamics of the heating and cooling processes, due to current flow. The largest value for surface heating power was over 3 W/cm2. A heater-sensor structure equipped with a small capacity chamber was successfully applied for controlled heating of small volumes of different liquids. Such structures have potential for use in research and measurements, where for various reasons controlled and accurate heating of small volumes of liquids is required.
Highlights
One of the special applications of transparent conductors is as invisible joule heaters.The development of transparent heaters was summarized recently in [1]
Transparent heaters can be made from metal oxides, oxide nanoparticles [2], carbon nanotubes layers [3,4,5], graphene [6,7,8], metal nanowire networks [9,10,11], metal meshes or various composites of these materials [12,13,14,15]
Heaters based on transparent conductors are used in liquid-crystal display (LCD), disposable medical devices, and in many areas of research
Summary
One of the special applications of transparent conductors is as invisible joule heaters. A layer of heaters was formed by spin-coating an ITO nanoparticle solution on a glass substrate, followed by thermal sintering. We propose an analysis of transparent heaters formed in an ITO or ITO/Ag/ITO layer integrated with temperature sensors. Both the transparent heaters and the temperature sensors are produced by laser ablation in a single technological process. The ITO and ITO/Ag/ITO layers were on a polymer substrate The properties of these materials, including at cryogenic temperatures, were investigated in previous works [37,38].
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