Einfluss einer ad libitum Tränke von Holstein-Friesian Kälbern während der ersten vier Lebenswochen auf die Gewichtsentwicklung sowie auf Milchleistung und Futteraufnahme in der ersten Laktation

The remarkable reduction in tsetse fly and its vector trypanosomosis in the South-West zone of Nigeria have led to the development of smallholder dairy production which is predominantly practised by the Fulani agropastoralists in the zone. This study was conducted by the administration of structured questionnaires to farmers in the Derived savannah area of Oyo State in the South-West zone of Nigeria with aim of assessing the performance of traditionally managed Bunaji (White Fulani) cattle in this newly encroached zone by the Fulani pastoralists from the northern parts of the country. The survey showed that milk offtake or partial milk yield (0.6 kg/day), pregnancy rate (53.2%), calving rate (49.5%), calf crop (37.11%) and body condition score (4.3) were low and typical of tropical breeds of cattle. Also, average age at first calving (47.8 months) and calving interval (18.1 months) were on the high side. Majority (80%) of the dams produced their young ones during the wet season while a few ones (20%) calved during the dry season. Diarrhoea (84%), helminthosis (72%) and sand eating (64%) were the major diseases of calves in wet and dry season, respectively; whereas in addition to diarrhoea and sand eating, low milk production (90%) was peculiar to adult cattle in dry season. Calves’ overall mortality was 24.11% with majority (73.77%) occurring during the first week of life; it was higher in wet season (86.89%) compared to the dry season (13.11%). Overall mortality for adult cattle was 5.83% with the mortality, in contrast to the calves’ mortality, being higher in dry season (69.39%) than in wet season (30.61%), and the females (91.84%) more susceptible than the males (8.16%). The results indicate that the performance of traditionally-managed cattle in smallholder dairy production systems in Oyo State, South-West, Nigeria is poor and below their genetic potentials due to poor management. Keywords : Major diseases, mortality, milk offtake, reproductive performance, season

Calf mortality and parasitism in periurban livestock production in Mali

در این مطالعه به منظور برآورد پارامترهای ژنتیکی و فنوتیپی و نیز روند فنوتیپی و ژنتیکی صفات تولیدی گاوهای هلشتاین منطقه ی مدیترانه ای ایران(استانهای اردبیل، همدان، زنجان، آدربایجان شرقی و غربی) از اطلاعات مربوط به8808 گله ی گاو هلشتاین، شامل 105118 رکورد روزآزمون استفاده شد. ویرایش لازم روی تمامی رکورد ها با استفاده از نرم افزارهای Access2010 و Fox Pro 8.0 انجام گرفت. برازش اثرات ثابت موثر برروی رکوردهای روزآزمون با استفاده از رویه GLM نرم افزار SAS انجام گرفت که تاثیر سال- فصل، گله- تاریخ روزآزمون و استان روی داده های روزآزمون و برای صفات مقدار شیر، درصد چربی و پروتین شیر معنی دار بود. همچنین اثر خطی و درجه دوم سن زایش به عنوان عامل کمکی بر روی هر سه صفت معنی دار بود. برای برآورد روند ژنتیکی و فنوتیپی، از نرم افزار SAS و رویه ی GLM5 استفاده شد. میزان وراثت پذیری برای صفات مقدار شیر، در صد چربی و درصد پروتئین با استفاده از رکودهای روزآزمون به ترتیب، 126/0، 02/0 و059/0 برآورد شد. نتایج نشان می دهند که دقت حاصل از رکورد های روزآزمون با استفاده از روش رگرسیون تصادفی بالاتر از رکودهای تصحیح شده برای 305 روز است و لذا در این مطالعه بر نتایج حاصل از رکوردهای روزآزمون و روش رگرسیون تصادفی تاکید می شود. نتایج حاصل از مدل رگرسیون تصادفی و رکوردهای روزآزمون نشان می دهند که وراثت پذیری تولید شیر، بیشترین و وراثت پذیری درصد چربی کمترین مقدار را به خود اختصاص داده و وراثت پذیری درصد پروتئین در حد وسط قرار گرفته است.

This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of breed, stage of lactation and nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in goats. Different breeds protray different lactation curves, this is possibly that their genomes from a genetically point of view are different. Crosses of pure breeds and local goat genetic resources will improve milk production in an extensive traditional system because they will be able to deal with low input that characterize the traditional extensive farming systems. However, nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in goats, as a result correct feed management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy goat may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase goat milk production and to ensure high feed efficiency, goat farmers need to pay close attention to the lactation curves of dams within their herds.

Goat lactation is synonymous to an agricultural production function with three distinct production regions namely: early, mid and late lactation. It is characterised by an increase in milk yield in early lactation to a possible peak in the mid lactation and then a decline in milk yield as it reaches the end of lactation. However, the other milk constituencies (protein, fat, lactose, etc ) do not follow the same trend as total milk yield through the 3 lactation stages. Therefore, it is suffice to suggest that the understanding of the physiological changes in these stages of lactation is crucial in maximizing milk production in goats. The present discussion explores the importance of different stages of lactation in milk production in influencing yield and milk composition. Milk yield and its composition are influenced by various factors, among these stage of lactation is very significant. The proportion of protein, lactose, fat and total solids declined slightly with advance in lactation and a steady fall in milk yield. This is on the basis that milk yield is a function of the number of mammary secretory cells and their metabolic activity change during the course of lactation. The significant stage of lactation effect in most studies may have practical implications in determining optimal feeding management to maximize total lactation yield and milk composition. Therefore, the knowledge of physiological activities during different stages of lactation is critical to dairy animal nutrition and management decision support systems for optimization of goat dairy flock production processes.

Our objective was to evaluation milk yield, milk c omponents, and especially fatty acid profile of milk fat, in relation with stage of lactation. Sheep were kept indoor and were fed the same diet, which consisted of hay, corn silage and concentrate mix. Individual milk yields were recorded weekly over a two-month period. Effect of lactation stage was determined in weeks 2, 6, 10 and 14 after weaning of lambs. TU ewes yielded more milk, with a higher content of fat and protein, and milk fat had a lower content of saturated FA (C 10:0, C12:0, C14:0) and a higher content of polyunsaturated FA, so that atherogenic index (AI) recorded the best value for this breed. We observed a strong correlation between milk fat trans-vacceni c acid ( trans -11 C18:1-VA) and cis -9, trans -11 CLA on the one hand, and between cis -9, trans -11 CLA and � 9 desaturase system on the other hand. Tzurcana breed also had the highest concentration o f c9,t11-CLA in milk, which was due not only to an increase of VA supply in the rumen, but also to an increase in � 9 desaturase enzyme activity. Milk n-3 FA content, mainly that in α-linolenic acid (ALA) was not influenced by breed. As lactation progressed, milk fatty acid profile changed in a po sitive way, as saturated FA content and the AI valu e decreased gradually, while ALA and c9,t11-CLA content increased. Use of Tzurcana breed for milk production or in breeding programs can be a way to improve milk fat and dairy product FA profile.

SC Farm Modern Farm was built by SAPARD funds in 2008, May and has a capacity of 200 milk cows. The cow system stable is free with individual spaces for rest and milking parlour is 2x12 fishbone, Italian type. The farm has 165 dairy cows to Italian Friesian breed purchase from import with potential in the first lactation of 9800 kg milk. Analysis the milk production traits in the first year after import showed a production of milk high in first lactation 7747 kg of milk physically obtained and 8641 kg milk at 3.5%, the duration of lactation length of 330 days. Daily average milk production is 23.12 kg / day for milk physical obtained and 25.80 kg/day with 3.5% milk fat. The average contain of fat from milk is 3.91%, 3.20% protein, lactose, 4.79%, NFS, 8.71, TGN, 26.09 * 103, germ / ml, and SCC, 308.87 * 103 cell / ml.

The last 3 weeks each of pregnancy and early lactation are very critical for the dairy animals because of the challenges posed by metabolic and hormonal changes in the body. The dry matter intake of these animals starts declining during advanced pregnancy and gets reduced up to 30% just 3 weeks before parturition. Most of the energy is utilized for the production of colostrum and milk after parturition due to which the animal faces negative energy balance. The animal also loses its body condition score due to the utilization of its body fat to meet energy requirements that lead to an increase in non-esterified fatty acids in the blood. The animals are prone to metabolic disorders and decreased production of milk when its body fats are depleted. The energy requirements of such animals could be met by increasing the energy density of their diet. There is an increase in rumen acidosis if more quantity of concentrate is offered to such animals. Acidosis leads to the poor digestion of fibers in the rumen. There is increased production of propionate in comparison to acetate which is responsible for less percentage of fat in the milk of these animals. The ill effects of negative energy balance may be eliminated if these animals are offered bypass fat in their diet. The cellulose digesting bacteria stay unharmed due to bypass fat where as ordinary fat may harm these bacteria if more than 1% of its dry matter intake is fed. Therefore, it is advisable to offer bypass or prilled fat to the animals during transition period.

This paper analyses the long-term effects of Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea (NCD) on the first milk production. A total number of 41 dairy heifers, belonging to two commercial dairy farms were admitted to our Clinic for NCD between 2008 and 2015. Survived animals, once returned to their farm, were followed until the end of the first lactation. As a treatment for NCD, we administered fluids and sodium bicarbonate intravenously according to the dehydration score described by Boccardo et al. (2017) and blood-gas analysis results. The quantity of replacement fluid in liters was calculated as: replacement fluid (L)=dehydration (%) x bodyweight (kg). The required amount of sodium bicarbonate was calculated as: sodium bicarbonate (g) = body weight (kg) × base excess (mmol/L) × 0.6 (L/kg) × 0.084 (g/mmol). Calves with a history of anorexia received 5 mg/kg glucose added to the saline solution. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was administered SC at the dose of 10 + 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days to each calf. During lactation, we analyzed: milk production in a 305-day lactation, average fat percentage, average protein percentage, average somatic cell count and interval from birth to first calving.Furthermore, days of hospitalization and severity of diseasewere considered (average calves age = 8,09 days, average body weight = 41,66 kg, average hospitalization = 10,61 days, average duration of treatment = 5,24 days). As a control, we considered non-hospitalized heifers (n.=238) with the same age, from the same herd, without clinical history of NCD. Differences between the NCD group and control group were analyzed with general linear models. No statistic difference between the NCD group and control group was underlined (Table 1). These findings differ from previous literature results. In fact, Aghakeshmiriet al.(2017) found that the NCD increased the first calving age and heifer raising costs; Svensson and Hultgren (2008) showed that animals survived from NCD had a lower milk production. On the other hand, our results are similar to those reported by Warnicket al.(1994;1995), even if in these works no data regarding the type of treatment and severity of clinical sings were considered. This study, while preliminary, suggests that the timely treatment of NCD could prevent irreversible damages and ensure to reach a reproductive and productive standard during the first lactation. However the simple size needs to be increased.

The stage of lactation was an important source of variation on the contents of all milk components in most studies. A systematic studies on the influence of lactation stage on milk yield and milk composition is of foremost importance to evaluate the milk production ability of milking animals. However, it logical to note that the shape of the lactation curve that describes the level of milk yield in the course of lactation differs among the different species. The highest total solids and fat contents were observed in the late lactation stage, which might be due to low milk yield. There was no variation in solids non-fat content during the different lactation stages, which implies that the variation in total solids was actually influenced by the variation in milk fat. Therefore, the present discussion attempt to explore the influence of stage of lactation on milk yield and milk composition in sheep.

The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of calf presence during milking and cow breed on milk fatty acid (FA) profile. 30 Prim’Holstein (H) and Salers (S) primiparous lactating cows were milked in the presence (CP) or in the absence (CA) of their calves, during the 9 months of lactation. Milk FA profile was significantly influenced by breed: 4:0, 12:0, 18:2 n-6 and cis-18:1 had higher concentrations in milk from H cows, whereas 14:0, 18:3 n-3, cis-9,trans-11-CLA and trans-18:1 had higher concentrations in milk from S cows. The presence of the calf during milking also had an important effect: it decreased the milk fat content, as well as 18:0, 18:2 n-6, 18:3 n-3 and trans-18:1 levels and it increased 16:0 level. Cis-9,trans-11-CLA concentration increased in the presence of the calf, for H cows, whereas it decreased for S cows.

Production performances versus feeding practice of crossbred dairy cows (Holstein Frisian X Zebu) were studied in urban and secondary town dairy production systems in Adama milk shed, Ethiopia from February to May, 2014. Twenty-four cows, with parities two-five and at early stage of lactation representing three herd size groups small (less than 3), medium (3-10) and large (>10 cows) were considered. Mean daily milk yield varied significantly (p<0.001) between production systems, genotypes, herd size and parity. Higher daily milk yield was found in urban production system (15.5 ±5.2) and for high-grade cows (15.3± 4.1). There was significant (P<0.05) difference between production systems in milk fat percent with 3.6% and 4.3% in urban and secondary town farms respectively. Body weight and body condition score of cow in parity 3 was 437.2±26.2 and 2.9±0.5, which was significantly (p<0.01) higher than for cows in parity 4. Secondary town production system and small herd size farms used significantly (P<0.05) more amount of roughage feeds. Energy intake from concentrate (50.0MJ/kg/day) for small farm size was lower than energy intake of concentrate (85.4 MJ/kg/day) in large farms. Feed shortage was the most important problem to reduce milk yield and productivity of dairy cows in the milk shed. Therefore, development of suitable forage crops and enhancement of crop residues need to be addressed with integration of training and extension works in order to optimize milk production.

Ten crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Indigenous Local) lactating cows of first lactation were maintained in semi open RCC housing system with concrete floor and GI sheet roof at institute farm. Multiple regression analysis revealed that air temperature, effective temperature , temperature humidity index (THI) had significant (P<0.01) effect on average daily milk yield/ cow (Kg), average weekly milk yield / cow (Kg), average monthly milk yield / cow (Kg) and daily total milk yield of cows (Kg). Average daily milk yield / cow (Kg), average weekly milk yield / cow (Kg), average monthly milk yield / cow (Kg), daily total milk yield of cows (Kg) were reduced by 0.886, 1.868, 2.471 and 4.375 kg respectively per unit increase of temperature humidity index. Data analysis revealed that different months had highly significant (P<0.01) effect on all the cardinal physiological reactions i.e. rectal temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate in growing calves during different months. It was also observed that rectal temperature increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 0.13, 0.01 and 0.25 0 C with the unit increase of air temperature, relative humidity and THI. Similarly respiration rate was increased significantly (P<0.05) by 2.48, 0.48 and 8.62 / minute with the unit increase of air temperature, relative humidity and THI. Both Iberia Heat Tolerance Coefficient and Benezara coefficient of adaptability indicated highest thermo adaptability of crossbred calves in the month December.

The majority of sheep and goat milk produced in the world is transformed into cheese, therefore, feeding is a major factor affecting the quality of sheep and goat milk and, hence sheep and goat cheese quality. This discussion is an attempt to explore the influence of nutrition on milk yield and major milk components in sheep and goats. Nutrition is a vital component in an attempt to maximise milk synthesis in small ruminants, as a result correct feeding management is desirable through appropriate estimation of roughage to concentrate intake in order to optimize the utilization of feed supplements. It is suffice to suggest that feeding high producing dairy animals may be a major constraint in milk production, which implies greater attention to diet composition, feed quality, and the physical form of feedstuffs is required. The rate and extent to which a dairy sheep and goat is capable of drawing upon body reserves to meet the energy requirement at different stages of lactation is critical in determining her ability to produce and sustain a high level of milk production. In order to increase sheep and goat milk production, and to ensure high feed efficiency, dairy farmers need to pay close attention to nutritional requirement of dairy animals which may differ during different stages of lactation.

Small-scale dairy systems are an option to alleviate poverty and contribute up to 37% of milk production in Mexico; however high costs affect their economic sustainability. Since grazing may reduce feeding costs, a participatory on farm experiment was undertaken to compare animal performance and feeding costs of the traditional cut-and-carry strategy or grazing cultivated pastures, during the dry season in the highlands of Mexico. Pastures of perennial and annual ryegrasses with white clover were utilised, complemented with maize silage and commercial concentrate. Five dairy cows were assigned to each strategy. The experiment ran for 12 weeks, recording weekly milk yields and fat and milk protein content; live-weight and body condition score every 14 days. Analysis was as a split-plot design. The adjusted (covariance) mean milk yield was 18.78 kg/cow/day with no significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments, and no significant differences for live-weight or body condition score. There were no significant differences for milk fat (P>0.05), but there were for protein in milk (P<0.95) Grazing cultivated pastures resulted in 25% less feeding costs, and 36% higher margin over feeding costs. It is concluded that grazing is a viable option to reduce feeding costs and increase the profitability of small-scale dairy farms.