Eficiencia de los microorganismos en la estabilización de lodos sépticos en en el distrito Huando 2021

During a water quality survey of the Ganga and Yamuna of the Indogangetic plain, the assimilation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) after the waste outfalls at the urban centers along these rivers was found to be exceedingly fast. During the two‐stage BOD removal in these streams, the early reaches resulted from bioflocculation of waste colloidal matter with river water. It was found to follow a straight line law approximating a BOD rate constant (k) of as high values as 30 to 100day-1 (base e) resulting in about 60% BOD removal in 30 min‐60 min. In the later reaches, the BOD removal was found to follow the usual first order kinetics with k ranging from 1.5 to 5.5day-1 (base e) which are higher by an order of magnitude than the usual range of 0.2 to 0.5day-1 (base e). The dissolved oxygen (DO), which dropped to low values after the waste outfalls, was also found to recover in short times showing extremely fast reaeration. Such BOD exertion and reaeration have been modelled. The integrated effect of several drains releasing at an urban center has also been included in the prediction of BOD and DO.

The effect of divalent cations (Me: Ca2+ and Mg2+) on the ligand-exchange kinetics of Fe (III) -fulvic acid complex and desferrioxamine B (DFOB) was examined by spectrophotometrically measuring the rate of Fe (III) -DFOB complex formation at the various concentrations of Me found in natural water (0-50 mM) . A kinetic model for ligand-exchange incorporating the effects of Me was also developed. The model includes the following two pathways: (1) a disjunctive pathway where Fe (III) -fulvic acid complex initially dissociates followed by complexation of free Fe (III) by DFOB; and (2) an adjunctive pathway where DFOB directly associates with the Fe (III) -fulvic acid complex followed by dissociation of the ternary complex (DFOB-Fe (III) -fulvic acid) to form Fe (III) -DFOB. The ligand-exchange rates of both pathways were accelerated in the presence of Me. The enhanced rates were well explained by considering the ternary complex formation of Me and Fe (III) -fulvic acid complex.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of myelin proteins: A caution

Slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) was used as a sensitive technique for the determination of cobalt, an element has toxic effects on living organisms at high doses. For the preliminary preconcentration of cobalt prior to the analysis, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was used. The instrument is equipped with a SQT to further increase the sensitivity by increasing the residence time of cobalt atoms in the light path emitted by a hollow cathode lamp. In the complex formation step, pH, the volume of buffer solution, the concentration of 1,5-diphenylcarbazone, and the volume of ligand were optimized. In addition, all of the system parameters, including the type and volume of the extraction solvent, dispersant type and volume of solvent, type of salt and the volume for the dispersion liquid–liquid microextraction, were optimized to obtain the lowest detection limit. Under the optimum conditions, the detection power of FAAS was improved by a factor of 86.56 fold using DLLME-SQT-FAAS. The limit of detection for the DLLME-SQT-FAAS system was 0.97 µg L−1. The applicability of the developed method was verified in tap and waste water samples by spiking measurements. The percentage recovery values for these were determined to be 91.7% and 111.0%, respectively.

Pasirkratonkramat Sub-District is located in West Pekalongan District, Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia. This location has been affected by tidal floods since 2016. Tidal floods have caused a decrease in environmental quality. The method used for this research is a descriptive survey research with an ecological approach. This paper presents the quality of the biophysical environment and social quality. The biophysical environment consists of water quality, soil quality, air quality. The water quality showed that Pollution Index (PI) of surface water is 5,15 (medium pollution), PI of Clean water (Residents’ well waters) is 5,09 (medium pollution) and PI of Clean Water is 2,20 (light pollution). Water quality analyzed by parameters Electrical Conductivity, Salinity, BOD, COD, Total Phosphate as P, Chrome (Cr) (VI), Copper Cu, Nitrite as N, Free chlorine, Sulfur as H2S, Oil and fat, Detergent as MBAS, Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, Chloride, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Water hardness (CaCO3), and Organic substance (KMnO4). The soil of quality decreased because of inundating sea water, the chemical and physical composition cannot support paddy or plants to grow, even they cannot survive because of salinity and decreasing minerals. The air quality showed that the average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) is 28.74 which mean that 100% of subjects feel uncomfortable. Meanwhile the social quality consists of various activities.

The decrease in environmental quality has a major influence on the quality of life. Improvement efforts to minimize negative impacts on humans and the environment need to be done, one of them is through interior design. This article will describe how interior designers can adapt and contribute to the environment in response to global issues that occur. Environmental-oriented interior design (eco-interior) is one solution for improving the environment and its inhabitants. The effort starts from the planning process, the selection of environmentally friendly materials, the proper implementation, maintenance, and the thought of production and post-production waste. By doing these efforts the designers are expected to be able to make a positive contribution to the environment that will add value in a design.

Impact of the hydraulic loading rate on pollutants removal in tropical horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The importance of potable water has been documented by many researchers. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the spatial analysis of the quality of groundwater supply in selected urban centres of Abia State. To achieve this, 13 borehole water samples were collected using purposive sampling technique. The parameters tested include; Temperature (°C), pH value, Electrical conductivity (µs), Total suspended solids (mg/l), Biological Oxygen demand (BOD),Turbidity (NTU), Sulphate (So4), Chloride (Cl), Nitrate (No3), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb). The results of the water samples were compared with the WHO quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is inadequate. For instance, temperature in all the sampled sites ranged from 27.1°C - 29.7°C which is above the WHO value of 26.6°C, while the pH values (5.79 - 6.81) were lower than the WHO value of 7 – 8.5, indicating mildly acidic. Similarly, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. All the hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance. It was observed that significant variations exist between Ohafia and Umuahia, Ohafia and Aba, but no significant difference exists between Umuahia and Aba. Thus, the null hypothesis (H0) was accepted in all, that “there are no significant variations in the physicochemical content as regards the sampling points in the zones. The study recommends amongst others that water should be boiled before use, or through the use of alum, water guard, or through disinfection with the use of chlorine.

A Single Effect Symmetrical Green House Type Solar Still which can be used as a model for the supply of portable water in rural communities was constructed from locally available materials. Water quality profile tests performed on a brackish water sample before and after purification in the still indicate that the Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) decreased from 1268 to 487 ppm while the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) decreased from 2.5x10-3 to 15.1x10-3g/l. The Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) increased from 5.79 to 6.93 while the electrolytic conductivity decreased from 1.38x10-8 to 7.16x10-8Ωm-1 and resistivity increased from 7.03x108 to 8.87x108Ωm. A comparison of the values of these parameters for the purified water from the solar still with that expected for standard pure water shows that the values are very comparable. For example, water in its purest form has TDS and BOD less than 500ppm and 8x10-3 g/l respectively with a pH of 7, conductivity of 1.0x10-9Ωm-1 and resistivity of 1.0x109Ωm. The values obtained for the purified water from the still for these parameters are 478ppm, 15.1x10-3g/l, 7, 7.16x10-8Ωm-1 and 8.87x108Ωm for TDS, BOD, pH, Conductivity and Resistivity respectively. This level of purity profile for the water purified by the still is close enough to that of standard pure water. The still is also found to be capable of producing enough quantity of water to meet the consumption need of small rural families. Community water supply can be achieved by constructing several stills and coupling them together. Therefore THE SINGLE EFFECT SOLAR STILL can be used to purify water for portable water supply for the communities in the Riverine areas of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria where there is abundance of brackish water with no safe water for drinking, and also in semi urban and urban centres where utility is non-existent or not functional.

Headwater regions of the streams consist an array of unique biological communities, and these ecosystems are considered the most sensitive element of river ecosystems. The significant role played by these ecosystems are well documented but the information relevant to Sri Lankan water bodies is very limited. Thus, the present study was designed to study the vegetation and benthic macro- invertebrates in relation to their habitats at upstream Sapugahadola in Walasmulla. Four sites were selected in the headwater region from upstream to downstream (S1, S2, S3 and S4) and each site was visited two consecutive months in 2018. Distribution of aquatic plants was observed along a transect (7-13 m) which placed perpendicular to the stream bank. Benthos were collected at each four sites using Surber sampler. Water quality parameters (Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO)) were measured using water quality meters while Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrate and phosphate contents of water were measured using the standard analytical procedures. Soil pH, soil conductivity, soil nitrate, soil phosphate and soil organic carbon were measured as soil properties. Eleven macro- invertebrate families were found in the sampling sites representing eight orders, including nine insect families. Leptoceridae, baetidae and potamonidae were the most dominant families. Benthos diversity increased towards downstream and it was noticed in the Shannon-Wiener Index (SWI). The SWI of S1, S2, S3 and S4 were 1.49, 1.72, 1.70 and 1.88 respectively. Eighteen aquatic plant species were found in the stream sites, and out of those species, Taxiphyllum sp, Bryum sp and Homaliodendron flabellatum were dominant. The most dominated phylum was bryophyte and nine species were recorded. The highest SWI for plant was found in site 3 while it was statistically similar for other sites. Benthos diversity was strongly correlated with dissolved oxygen content (r=0.85, p<0.05), soil nitrate content (r=0.95, p<0.05) while the vegetation diversity was strongly correlated with total suspended solids (r=-0.74, p <0.05) and biological oxygen demand (r=0.89, p<0.05). Although the relationship between macro-invertebrate diversity and soil quality parameters were significant, vegetation diversity was independent from soil properties. Most of the vegetation were found on rocky surfaces that were above the water level of the stream. Keywords: Vegetation, Macro- invertebrates, Diversity, Soil properties, Water quality

Triangle of Environment, Water and Energy: A Sociological Appraisal

In this paper, the reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of agricultural land and its effect on soil quality has been investigated in an arid region of Iran. For this purpose, two pilots of 2,000 m 2 area with a variety of plants were selected near the effluent discharge of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Zahedan and Zabol cities in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The wastewater treatment systems at Zahedan and Zabol were activated sludge (extended aeration) and aerated lagoons, respectively. In this study, 14 types of native plants were selected and seeded in 18 rows and treated wastewater was reused for irrigation of the pilots. The samples were taken from the effluent of the WWTP and analyzed from the viewpoint of quality. Results showed that indicators of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%) and electrical conductivity (EC) were higher than standard levels set by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Other parameters such as total dissolved solids, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were in the standard range. To assess soil quality, sampling was conducted in two stages that included irrigation with fresh water and irrigation with treated wastewater. Soil analysis showed that soil structure is loamy with high salinity and alkalinity. Soil quality in the 12 month period after irrigation was studied and investigated; although the treated wastewater quality in some cases was beyond the FAO irrigation standard range, there was no adverse effect on the soil quality, e.g. EC, SAR and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). In the Zahedan pilot, the values of soil EC, SAR and ESP decreased to 82%, 75% and 66% after irrigation with treated wastewater. The soil quality of the Zabol pilot decreased after 6 months, but on continuation of the irrigation for 12 months, the values for EC, SAR and ESP decreased to 49%, 25% and 24%, respectively. The results show that the reuse of reclaimed wastewater is an economical and beneficial method for irrigation of agriculture land in the arid regions of Iran. Finally, an artificial neural network model, which adopts a back propagation algorithm with momentum and adaptive learning rate, was applied. The effect of each parameter on the performance of the Zahedan pilot was compared, using the partitioning connection weights method. The result is EC effluent > EC soil > SAR soil > BOD 5 > ESP soil > SAR effluent . In addition, many strategies were proposed to optimize the working conditions of the system.

Industrial pollution is a significant concern in Patna City, with rapid urbanization and industrial growth contributing to the degradation of natural resources. This study focuses on the physico-chemical analysis of industrial effluents and their effects on the water and soil quality in and around Patna. Effluents from various industries, including textile, sugar, rice mills, and small-scale manufacturing units, are released into nearby water bodies and soils, posing serious environmental risks. The research aims to assess the levels of pollutants by analysing key physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium), and organic contaminants in industrial effluents. Samples were collected from various locations near industrial zones and water bodies. The study also evaluated the impact of these pollutants on soil and groundwater quality. It was found that prolonged exposure to industrial effluents led to the accumulation of toxic metals in soil, reducing its fertility and altering its structure. Additionally, groundwater sources were contaminated with hazardous chemicals, making them unfit for drinking and irrigation purposes. The implementation of advanced treatment technologies and sustainable industrial practices is crucial for safeguarding the environment and public health in Patna City.

Exploring the relationship between quality of living and green spaces in cities: Evidence from an Indian megacity region of global south

The authors investigated the impact of effluents from a car battery manufacturing plant in Nnewi, Nigeria, on water, soil, and food qualities. The authors analyzed heavy metals mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium and nickel in tap and cassava waters, soil, dried cassava tuber, and edible fruit samples from the company, using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Other parameters the authors analyzed include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity (SAL), total hardness (TH), biological oxygen demand (BOD), volatile and non-volatile solids, and bacterial and fungal loads of the soil samples. Results show that lead had the highest concentration in all the samples, with the soil samples having the highest lead concentration (38-12 ppm, 102 ppm) and the water samples having the lowest (0.02-0.20 ppm). Mercury had the lowest concentration (<0.0002 ppm) in all the samples. Soil sample B had the highest concentration of all the metals tested. Cassava water had higher levels of EC, SAL, TH, BOD, and volatile and nonvolatile solids, but lower pH than tap water. Bacterial loads were higher than fungal loads in all the soil samples. Because there was moderate contamination of the environment by some of the metals studied, with lead being exceptionally high and above the specified international standards, the authors recommend control measures to reduce lead exposure to the local populace within and around this industry.