Abstract
The present work analyses the adsorption capacity of lead ions onto two bioadsorbents consisting of biodegraded grape marc (BGM) and free or encapsulated in calcium alginate, forming hybrid beads (alginate–grape marc hybrid beads (AGMHB)). It has been verified that the removal effectiveness of BGM was always lower than that of AGMHB. Moreover, the pH of lead ion solution had a significant influence on the removal efficacy of both bioadsorbents tested. A Box-Behnken factorial design optimized the most influential variables (amount of bioadsorbent, concentration of lead ions and pH solution) involved in the adsorption of lead ions onto AGMHB. Theoretical equations were validated by means of additional experiments, resulting in a good agreement between both experimental results and estimated values. In addition, different kinetic models were evaluated in order to obtain kinetic parameters associated to the bioadsorption process. The intraparticle diffusion model was also employed to interpret the diffusion of lead ions among the particles of the bioadsorbent.
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