Efficiency and Sustainability of Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pheromone Dispensers with Different Designs

Abstract

Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a bark beetle that recently invaded southern Europe. It produces intense outbreaks in the spruce stands installed outside their natural area. Pheromone dispensers with different designs are used for monitoring this species. Compounds are released either by wick (ID Ecolure) or polyethene foil (ID RO and Pheagr IDU). We performed a series of laboratory and field experiments to compare the efficiency and sustainability of these dispensers in terms of pheromone release. The first experiment compared the Ips duplicatus capture dynamics between the ID Ecolure and ID RO in pheromones traps in three localities for 60 days. Release rates of used dispensers were evaluated in the same period. The second experiment analyzed headspace chemical composition in three dispensers (ID Ecolure, ID RO, Pheagr IDU) and tested their activity in pheromone traps. Active compounds content released by tested dispensers varied. The wick dispensers’ release rates (ID Ecolure) were strongly reduced from 365 to 50 mg/day within two weeks and then steadily to 16 mg/day after 60 days. Release rates of the polyethene dispensers (ID RO) remained constant over 60 days (20–24 mg/day). The highest initial emission was in the ID Ecolure. The ratio of pheromone components (ipsdienol/E-myrcenol) was lower for ID Ecolure (5) and ID RO (10) and higher for Pheagr IDU (565). In the field experiments, significantly more Ips duplicatus were caught with ID Ecolure than ID RO and Pheagr IDU in the first two weeks. Later, the attractivity of ID RO remained high, but captures by ID Ecolure were significantly reduced. The captures of Ips typograhus were also considered. We propose that the wick-type dispensers are a promising tool for controlling the hibernating beetle generation. The foil release dispensers can be used to monitor Ips duplicatus flight activity.