EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF AGRO-PRODUCTION IN THE NIGER DELTA: A DATA ENVELOPMENT AND TOBIT REGRESSION APPROACH

This paper provides a comparative analysis regarding the performance of 17 Libyan banks over the period 2004 up to 2010. According to the relevant literature, there are few studies that combine both the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique and Tobit model for assessing the efficiency levels and subsequently examining the determinants of efficiency for the banking sector in Libya. For this study, the DEA technique was used to estimate cost, allocative, and technical efficiency of sampled banks by using DEAP software. In the second stage, Tobit regression model was used to identify potential determinants of efficiency by using Stata10 software. The results showed that the specialized banks have exhibited higher mean cost efficiency relative to commercial and private banks. The results of efficiency determinants showed positive relationship between bank efficiency, and return on investment (ROA); risk; and size of operation (SO). This paper concludes with some policy implications of the results. 
 

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to present a hybrid analytic network process (ANP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) method for ranking organizational units as well as prioritizing organization’s human capital management criteria. Design/methodology/approach – In the proposed DEA model, human capital management criteria are considered as the inputs and organizational commitment considered as the output of DEA model. Afterward, the organizational unit’s efficiency and the weight of human capital management criteria are evaluated through DEA and the data are considered as the basis of ANP model. Findings – The results of prioritizing the drivers of human capital management were showed that leadership practices, human capital management and learning capacity are the most important ones. Also, the findings proved that the proposed integrated DEA/ANP can be helpful in managerial issues. Research limitations/implications – Filling the super-matrix and designing the questionnaire of ANP have always been the challenge of scholars because of the large number of data it requires. One of the main advantages of the proposed hybrid method in this research is that it resolves the above-mentioned problem of ANP. Practical implications – The results of the proposed method may provide managers this opportunity to better analyze the condition of organizational units from human capital management perspective and focus on the most important activities in this context. Moreover, the proposed hybrid method can help scholars to better use both DEA and ANP techniques and obtain more reliable findings. Originality/value – In this study, DEA efficiency measures of units, and the weights of inputs and outputs of DEA model are used to fill the super-matrix of ANP. In addition to having a logical approach, this method provides more reliable results and enjoys the advantages of both ANP and DEA techniques.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to benchmark the performance of state-owned coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) and test whether plant-specific knowledge in terms of quality of coal, size, age and make of plant contribute to an improvement in plant efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology that is utilized in the study follows a nonparametric approach of data envelopment analysis (DEA) with sensitivity analysis and Tobit regression model. The input-oriented DEA models are applied to evaluate the overall, pure technical and scale efficiencies of the CFPPs. Further, slack analysis is conducted to identify modes to improve the efficiency of the inefficient plants. Sensitivity analysis based on peer count and the removal of variables is carried out to identify the benchmark power plant. Through Tobit and bootstrap-truncated regression model, the paper investigates whether a plant's specific knowledge influences its efficiency. Findings – The DEA analysis demonstrates that nine plants are technically purely efficient.The slack analysis reveals that reducing the consumption of oil is the most effective way to improve the efficiency of inefficient plants. Mattur plant is the benchmark for most of the inefficient plants. Regression result suggests that quality of coal and size of plant significantly affect the inefficiency of the sample plants. Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited MAKE plant achieved higher efficiency in comparison to mixed MAKE. Originality/value – This study is one of the few published studies that benchmark the performance of state-owned CFPPs. This research carried out taking some new uncontrollable parameters of power plant utilities of India. Research work also identifies the possible causes of inefficiency and provides measures to improve the efficiency of the inefficient power plant.

The purpose is to measure the financial efficiency of selected Indian pharmaceutical firms in the product patent regime. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique for assessing the financial efficiency of pharmaceutical firms is used to fulfil the objectives of the study. DEA allows multiple inputs-outputs and we have applied an output-oriented the BCC model of the DEA technique which has allowed a breakdown of efficiency into technical and scale efficiency. In order to apply the DEA technique, secondary data has been collected from 63 large as well as medium/small Indian pharmaceutical companies. The results of statistical analysis are significant and reflect that the technical efficiency of the large pharmaceutical companies is higher than that of medium/small firms. Whereas the scale efficiency of medium/small companies is more than that of large companies. As medium/small firms have better scale efficiency the large firms should initiate control over their scale (size) of operation.

Adequacy of DEA as a regulatory tool in the water sector. The impact of data uncertainty.

Abstract. Assessing the digital mobile e-learning whether to affect school efficiency is an important yet complex issue. Consequently, this study goal of this research is to evaluate the innovative teaching to affect school efficiency (total efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) estimated by the data envelopment analysis (DEA) through using digital mobile e-learning of high school in Taiwan. Additionally, the Tobit regression model (TRM) is employed to discuss whether the other determinants affect using digital mobile e-learning of school efficiency. The findings can briefly be concluded as follows. The empirical results of this research indicate the following results: (1) Importing digital mobile e-learning can really enhance the efficiency of school management. (2) technical Efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) in the TRM analysis, it also indicates that school size, teacher-student ratio, school high-vocational attribute, especially the numbers of technical teachers in teaching or consulting about digital mobile e-learning knowledge and numbers of Tablet PC (the proxy for digital mobile e-learning) an important role in affecting these three efficiency of school management. Besides, the results show of total equipment expenses associated with tablet PC has a small negative influence on school management efficiency. Due to increasing costs for network equipment small effects on teaching and learning among teachers and students. The results of this research can also be the reference for educational authorities when formulating policies and regulations for promoting digital mobile e-learning. Keywords. Technical efficiency, Pure technical efficiency, Scale efficiency, Digital mobile e-Learning, Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Tobit regression model (TRM),Vocational and senior high school. JEL. I21, I25, I28.

Previous chapter analyzed potential final energy consumption (FEC) saving while either improving or maintaining QoL. In other words, demand side analysis was the target of previous chapter without considering any economic limitation. The current chapter looks for potential improvement of QoL or at least keeping QoL by means of FEC and TPES together. Furthermore, energy supply constraint is added to ensure global energy supply and economic growth, which is the target of the sustainable energy strategy by IEA (Chap. 1, Sect. 1.4). Thus, this chapter focuses on both demand and supply sides to investigate potential amount of energy reduction while either keeping or improving QoL. Previous chapter utilized the concept of efficient area to present three energy policies corresponding with three types of country classifications; developed, developing, and pre-developing. This chapter employes the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique to measure the efficiency of each country [decision making units (DMUs)]. The energy supply constraint can be defined through an appropriate type of DEA model orientation in the supply side analysis. Moreover, considering the output-oriented DEA model in the demand side of energy ensures the economic growth related to the energy consumption. However, various energy related studies have used the DEA technique to measure the efficiency of DMUs. While, heterogeneous DMUs and either inappropriate input or output-oriented DEA model lead to unreasonable results. The K-Means clustering algorithm is applied for energy data to classify homogenous countries. The input oriented DEA model is performed for power stations (PS) under renewables. Whereas, the output-oriented model is used to examine the efficiency of PS under non-renewables and refineiries as well as demand analysis. The energy related quality of life (QoL) is the output variable of the demand efficiency analysis. The overall energy efficiency is calculated by multiplying the efficiency of supply side into the demand side. The results of this chapter specify that the highest potential energy saving (PES) source in the supply side belongs to the non-renewables in power stations, followed by refineries, and finally deployment of renewables. Demand side analysis identifies that the highest PES belongs to countries with high population, and high-income economy. In conclusion, the results of overall energy efficiency based on QoL, suggests an allowance for the use of fossil fuels in countries with weak economic and low population. The allowance is proposed to support energy poverty, health improvement, and promotion of education.

Efficiency evaluation of county-level public hospitals in Hainan, China: a four-stage data envelope analysis model based on panel data.

The main aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of Islamic Azad University branches in East Azerbaijan using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and to compare the findings with the results of data envelopment analysis (DEA). In this respect, SFA and DEA techniques were applied to measure production efficiency of 28 branches of East Azerbaijan Islamic Azad University considering the following variables as either output or input: 3 variables as output (including the number of graduated students and students accepted for the further pursuit of their studies, as well as the number of articles, books, and research projects) and 6 variables as input (including the number of university faculty members, educational fields, current students, staff working in different sections of the university, and the total university campus in square meters as well as university costs). Estimation of DEA and obtaining of the units' efficiency indicated that the average efficiency of the universities under investigation were 0.66 and 0.80 in SFA and DEA techniques, respectively. In addition, efficiency distributions in SFA and DEA methods were tremendously different from each other so that in SFA method nearly 40% while in DEA method more than 60% of unit efficiency was between 0.8-1 intervals. The minimum level of estimated efficiency (0.14) was observed for Hadishahr using SFA method, and in DEA approach, the minimum level of efficiency belonged to Khoda Afarin branch (0.065).

The gap between demand for and supply of food can be minimized by improving productivity either through introduction of modern technologies, reallocation of resources or improving the efficiency of production. It is however almost impossible to increase production by bringing more land and capital resources as they are very limiting in the rural parts of the developing world. Wheat, faba bean (horse bean) and lentil are the three most important crops in the central highlands of Ethiopia and enhancing the farm level efficiency of their production is a crucial component of the food security strategy of the government. This study aims at analyzing level and determinants of production efficiency of these crops by smallholder farmers in North Shewa zone. The study generated data from 480 randomly selected smallholder farmers in the 2015/16 production season. The study estimated, technical, allocative and economic efficiencies using Data Envelopment Analysis technique. The results showed that mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 77%, 69% and 53%, respectively, indicating a substantial inefficiency in the production of these important crops. Analysis of determinants of efficiency using a double-bounded Tobit model indicates that age, education, off/non-farm income, livestock holding, credit access, extension contacts, market distance, distance to all weather road and average farm plots distance significantly affect efficiency of production. The findings of the study show that the production efficiency of these crops can be significantly improved through increased integration of the crop and livestock subsystems, investment of basic education and infrastructure, and improvement of the agricultural extension system and the rural credit services.

본 연구는 자료포괄분석(DEA, Data Envelopment Analysis)기법을 사용하여, 대표적인 문화예술기관 중 하나인 박물관의 경영성과를 측정하고, 여러 국립박물관들의 투입 자원 대비 산출물의 효율성을 상호 비교하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 자료포괄분석 기법은 투입과 산출의 종류가 여러 가지일 때 이를 통합하여 효율성을 측정하는 방법이다. 2014년도의 데이터를 이용하여 박물관의 성격, 구조, 규모가 상이한 국립중앙박물관을 제외한 12개의 국립지방박물관을 대상으로 DEA 기법을 적용하였다. 이 결과 경주국립박물관, 공주국립박물관, 진주국립박물관, 청주국립박물관, 김해국립박물관, 제주국립박물관, 춘천국립박물관, 나주국립박물관은 다른 박물관과 비교했을 때 효율적으로 운영되고 있음을 알 수 있었고 나머지 국립박물관의 경우 벤치마킹을 통한 개선의 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 본 연구를 기점으로 다른 문화시설에 대해서도 효율성을 측정하고 어떤 요소를 보완하여 효율성을 제고할 수 있을지에 대한 논의와 후속연구가 이루어지길 기대한다.

Formulating tailored emission reduction policies for each Chinese province is crucial due to regional differences in carbon emission evolution patterns. This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive research framework that integrates data envelopment analysis (DEA), Tobit regression, and system dynamics (SD) model to analyze the influence factors and evaluate provincial emission reduction policies while considering regional differences. The DEA method assesses each province's development resource allocation and carbon emission efficiency. Based on the DEA results, each provinces’ key emission influencing factors can be derived combining with Tobit regression and sensitivity analysis of SD. Policies are then selected based on these factors to gauge their effectiveness. SD method is used to simulate carbon emissions under different policy scenarios in the future. The analysis results present obvious differences in resource allocation and regional characteristics among provinces. Qinghai's emission reduction potential has been preliminarily explored as an example. Energy structure, industry structure, energy intensity, forest coverage, and R&D input intensity are its main influencing factors for carbon emission. The forest carbon sink plays a significant role. The emission reduction of the integrated scenario is not a linear sum of all other scenarios. To ensure the completion of the neutralization goal, further adjustments to the long-term policy and extra measures are needed.

In the present study, efficiency of municipalities and the factors affecting it are evaluated theoretically and then empirical analysis about the efficiency made. In the application part, 27 municipalities, 7 of which are metropolitan municipality, are covered. Data related to the inputs and outputs that reflect the financial, fiscal, social and demographic situation of these municipalities are taken from surveys, centralized management units and statistical units. Efficiency analysis of municipalities are made by using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist index technique. Efficiency scores were obtained and factors which affect efficiency and the interaction among the factors are determined. Under the lights of these result and the estimations of both DEA models and Malmquist Index, it can be stated that there was a decrease in the number of efficient municipalities and the level of their efficiencies from years 2006 to 2008. Key words: Municipality efficiency, data envelopment analysis (DEA), malmquist index, tobit model.

This paper analyzes the cases where the hotels have increased their services and enhanced their work process through IT solutions to cope with computerization globalization. Also the cases have been studies where national hotels use the CRM solution internally to respond effectively to customers requests, increase customer analysis, and build marketing strategies. In particular, this study discusses the introduction of the CRM solutions and CRM sales business and marketing services using a process for utilizing the presumed, CRM by introducing effective DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). First, the comparison has done regarding the relative efficiency of L Company with the CCR model, then compared L Company's restaurants and facilities' effectiveness through BCC model. L Company reached a conclusion that it is important to precisely create and manage sales data which are the preliminary data for CRM, and for that reason it made it possible to save sales data generated by POS system on each sales performance database. In order to do that, it newly established Oracle POS system and LORIS POS system concerned with restaurants for food and beverage as well as rooms, and made it possible to stably generate and manage sales data and manage. Moreover, it set up a composite database to control comprehensively the results of work processes during a specific period by collecting customer registration information and made it possible to systematically control the information on sales performances. By establishing a system which unifies database and managing it comprehensively, impeccability of data has been greatly enhanced and a problem which generated asymmetric data could be thoroughly solved. Using data accumulated on the comprehensive database, sales data can be analyzed, categorized, classified through data mining engine imbedded in Polaris CRM and the results can be organized on data mart to provide them in the form of CRM application data. By transforming original sales data into forms which are easy to handle and saving them on data mart separately, it enabled acquiring well-organized data with ease when engaging in various marketing operations, holding a morning meeting and working on decision-making. By using summarized data at data mart, it was possible to process marketing operations such as telemarketing, direct mailing, internet marketing service and service product developments for perceived customers; moreover, information on customer perceptions which is one of CRM's end-products could feed back into the comprehensive database. This research was undertaken to find out how effectively CRM has been employed by comparing and analyzing the management performance of each enterprise site and store after introducing CRM to Hotel enterprises using DEA technique. According to the research results, efficiency evaluation for each site was calculated through input and output factors to find out comparative CRM system usage efficiency of L's Company four sites; moreover, with regard to stores, the sizes of workforce and budget application show a huge difference and so does the each store efficiency. Furthermore, by using the DEA technique, it could assess which sites have comparatively high efficiency and which don't by comparing and evaluating hotel enterprises IT project outcomes such as CRM introduction using the CCR model for each site of the related enterprises. By using the BCC model, it could comparatively evaluate the outcome of CRM usage at each store of A site, which is representative of L Company, and as a result, it could figure out which stores maintain high efficiency in using CRM and which don't. It analyzed the cases of CRM introduction at L Company, which is a hotel enterprise, and precisely evaluated them through DEA. L Company analyzed the customer analysis system by introducing CRM and achieved to provide customers identified through client analysis data with one to one tailored services. Moreover, it could come up with a plan to differentiate the service for customers who revisit by assessing customer discernment rate. As tasks to be solved in the future, it is required to do research on the process analysis which can lead to a specific outcome such as increased sales volumes by carrying on test marketing, target marketing using CRM. Furthermore, it is also necessary to do research on efficiency evaluation in accordance with linkages between other IT solutions such as ERP and CRM system.

Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee-producing country in the world after Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia (Richardson et al., 2023). Seeing this opportunity is widely used by business people in making coffee shops (Fahmi & Savira, 2023). This study aims to see the level of efficiency produced by coffee shops with data envelopment analysis (DEA) techniques. This analysis uses input variables, namely labor costs, raw material costs, overall capital, and the amount of labor, and output variables, namely gross profit, and net profit. In DEA using variable return scale (VRS) assumptions where the addition of inputs is not necessarily offset by the output. The sample used was 67 coffee shops in Soloraya. The results of the analysis show that 22 coffee shops have experienced a 100 percent efficiency level while 45 coffee shops have not experienced a 100 percent efficiency level, meaning that those that have not reached 100 percent need improvement in the use of inputs and improved output targets and also benchmarking to make adjustments to their business activities. Managers find it easier to make decisions about whether the business will be saved or increased targets so DEA techniques are more suitable for business people to use in making a decision.