Efficacy of Endophytic Bacteria Pantoea dispersa Strain DSM 30073 on The Growth of Ipomoea reptans

The use of superior and adequate sugarcane seeds are being an important factor either in tissue culture orquickly provision of seeds (Single Bud Planting). This study aims to determine the influence of Hot Water Treatment (HWT) temperature and auxin on the initial growth of sugarcane. The experiment was arranged factorially by using Completely Randomized Design which was repeated three times. The first factor of HWT immersion temperature comprising: without immersion and immersion with temperature of 30 ° C, 45 ° C, and 50 ° C; the second factor of auxin consisting of: without auxin, atonic, and onion extract. The variables that observed such as appearance and length of bud eye, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length and weight, wet weight of fiberplant. The data were analysed by ANOVA which was tested with 5% HSD test. The results showed that HWT temperature immersion and auxin administration, respectively, influenced the length of bud eye, plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, wet weight of plant, weight and root length up to 60 days after treatment. There is an interaction effect between auxin administration and immersion of HWT towards shoot bud length, plant height, leaf number, wet weight; and immersion with HWT temperature of 50°C for 10 minutes and atonic treatment giving the best result. Thus, the treatment can be applied to sugarcane nursery.

This study aims to determine the effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphate fertilization on the growth and production of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. ). Research conducted at the Greenhouse o f Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with repeat 4 times. The first factor: VA mycorrhizal (with and without mycorrhiza); the second factor: phosphate (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg TSP/Ha). The variables measured were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, fruit number, fruit weight, fresh weight of plants, phosphate uptake. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan test 5%. Mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate give significantly different interaction effects on plant height, stem diameter, plant fresh weight, and phosphate uptake of plants with mycorrhizal fungi combination VA and phosphate 300 kg/Ha which gives the highest yield. Mycorrhizal fungi significant effect in increasing plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight and wet weight of plants and plant phosphate uptake. Phosphate significant effect in increasing plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, fruit weight and wet weight of plants and plant phosphate uptake. There is no difference between the effect of phosphate 100 kgTSP/Ha with 200 and 300 kg/Ha TSP in high regard detainees, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of relationship, the amount of fruit, fruit weight, and plant fresh weight.

The research aims to determine the effect of KCl addition on the growth and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) on various organic fertilizer bases. The research was conducted using a monofactor experiment with Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) consisting of 8 treatments with four replications. The treatment is without fertilization (K0), chicken manure (K1), goat manure (K2), cattle manure (K3), chicken manure + KCl (K4), goat manure + KCl (K5), cattle manure + KCl (K6), Urea, SP-36, KCl (K7). The observed parameters are plant height, leaf number, bulb number, bulb diameter, wet weight of plant and the potassium (K) uptake of plant. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of the research showed organic fertilizer with or without KCl addition or NPK fertilizer gave higher plant height, leaf number, bulb diameter and wet weight of plant and potasium (K) uptake compared to without fertilization. The KCl addition on organic fertilizer did not increase wet weight of plant. The treatment chicken manure gave the higher indication on yield of plant compare to goat and cow manure.Keywords: shallot, organic fertilizer, KCl

An experiment was conducted to study the impact of bio-inoculants on seed germination and plant growth of guava at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal, during the period 2007 to 2008. The bioinoculants tested were Azotobacter chroococcum, phosphate solubulising bacteria (PSB), plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhiza. Their impact on seed germination, plant height and other plant growth parameters was studied in presence of farmyard manure (FYM) as well as vermicompost. During the 2007 period, maximum percent seed germination (34.2) was observed in the treatment having FYM + PGPR or FYM + A. chroococcum at 40 days (DAS); followed by PGPR (29.2) and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) (25.8) treatments. While during the 2008 period, highest seed germination (51.1%) was observed in the treatment having FYM + PGPR or FYM + A. chroococcum at 40 DAS; followed by the treatments having FYM + PGPR + PSB + A. chroococcum or vermicompost + PSB + A. chroococcum (48.9%). Number of leaves per plant observed at 150 DAS were maximum in the treatment having FYM + VAM (18.8). Plant height at 150 DAS was maximum in FYM treatment having all the three bio-inoculants (31.5 cm). However, these values were quite comparable to each other in FYM as well as in vermicompost filled plastic bags.

Ramie is a fiber-producing plant that can replace cotton as a raw material for the textile industry. In general, ramie plants are reproduced using rhizomes, but it takes a long time, around two years, to be used as a source of planting material. Therefore, other sources of explants besides rhizomes are required, such as stem cuttings. Explants from stem cuttings are quickly available and only need 2-3 months to be used as planting material. This study aims to determine the potential of effective stem cuttings that can be used as planting material for the propagation of ramie seedlings. The research was conducted from July to December 2021 at the experimental garden in the Indonesian Instruments Standardization Testing Center for Sweetener and Fiber Crops, Malang, East Java. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments of ramie seedling material of the Ramindo 1 variety, namely rhizome, shoot cuttings, middle stem cuttings, and basal stem cuttings. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. The result showed that all parameters had a significant effect. Ramie seedling source from basal stem cuttings showed the best growth percentage (92%), stem diameter (4.8 mm), and plant wet weight (44.6 g). Shoot cuttings showed the best number of roots (31.6), plant height (60.8 cm), and number of leaves (41.4). Cuttings from shoot and basal stems can be used as planting material for producing ramie seeds other than rhizomes.

Land kale (Ipomea reptans P.) is a popular leafy vegetable in Indonesia due to its fast growth and high nutritional value. Its productivity relies heavily on the proper application of fertilizer. This study investigates the effects of NPK fertilizer, Bokashi fertilizer, and their combination on land kale's vegetative growth and chlorophyll content. Conducted from May to July 2025 at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram's greenhouse, the experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: five levels of NPK fertilizer (0–2 gr/100 ml water) and five levels of Bokashi fertilizer (0–400 gr/polybag). Growth parameters measured included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Data analysis involved two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results indicated NPK fertilizer significantly affected all growth parameters and chlorophyll content, while Bokashi fertilizer significantly influenced stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight, but not plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll content. The interaction between NPK and Bokashi fertilizers significantly impacted plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight, though it had no significant effect on leaf number, stem diameter, and chlorophyll content.

Chapter 23 - Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB): applications and challenges in bioremediation of metal and metalloid contaminated soils

Anthracnose disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici causes rotting of ripe chili fruits and causes a decrease in chili production up to 80%. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides can cause problems for humans and the environment. Therefore, as an alternative, natural/vegetable pesticides that are more environmentally friendly can be used. Miana leaves contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroid compounds that are known to be responsible for pesticide effects on plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of miana leaf extract as a natural fungicide and the best concentration in inhibiting the growth and development of Colletotrichum capsici fungus that causes anthracnose disease of chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment used in the study was the concentration of miana leaf extract. The treatment used 5 concentrations of miana leaf extract (Plectranthus scutellarioides L.), namely: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and 20%. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. The parameters observed were the intensity of C. capsici fungus attack, plant height, plant wet weight, and plant dry weight. The results showed that the application of miana leaf extract (Plectranthus scutellarioides L.) had no effect on each parameter, namely the intensity of C.capsici fungal attack, plant height, plant wet weight, and plant dry weight.

The research aimed to examine the quality of coffee waste in solid and liquid material in promoting the growth and yield of caisim plants (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). This research was conducted from November until December 2023 in Sukabumi Roadway, RT. 002 RW. 001 Ciwedus Village, Cilegon District, Cilegon city, Banten. The experimental design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of one factor, which is with eight treatment levels: without fertilizer application (control) (P0), 10 g of solid coffee processing waste compost (P1), 20 g of solid coffee processing waste compost (P2), 30 g of solid coffee processing waste compost (P3), 100 ml liquid coffee processing waste compost (P4), 150 ml liquid coffee processing waste compost (P5), 200 ml liquid coffee processing waste compost (P6), and 250 ml liquid coffee processing waste compost (P7). The results showed that treatment P5, gave the best results in terms of growth in plant height (26.30 cm), number of leaves (9.00 leaves), plant fresh weight (43.23 g), root wet weight (4.03 g), and root length (17.80 cm). For solid coffee ground treatment, the P3 treatment has a significant effect on plant height (25.30 cm), number of leaves (7.00 leaves), plant wet weight (22.60 g), and root length (17.03 cm). The findings of this research theoretically support the theory proposed by Putri et al. in 2017, indicating that the application of 30g/150 ml had the most favorable impact on the growth of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.).

In addition to rhizobia, other non-symbiotic endophytic bacteria also have been simultaneously isolated from the same root nodules. The existence of non-symbiotic endophytic bacteria in leguminous root nodules is a universal phenomenon. The vast majority of studies have detected endophytic bacteria in other plant tissues. In contrast, little systemic observation has been made on the non-symbiotic endophytic bacteria within leguminous root nodules. The present investigation was carried out to isolate plant growth-promoting endophytic non-symbiotic bacteria from indigenous leguminous Sphaerophysa salsula and their influence on plant growth. A total of 65 endophytic root nodule-associated bacteria were isolated from indigenous legume S. salsula growing in the northwestern arid regions of China. When combining our previous work with the current study, sequence analysis of the nifH gene revealed that the strain belonging to non-nodulating Bacillus pumilus Qtx-10 had genes similar to those of Rhizobium leguminosarum Qtx-10-1. The results indicated that horizontal gene transfer could have occurred between rhizobia and non-symbiotic endophyties. Under pot culture conditions, out of the 20 representative endophytic isolates, 15 with plant growth-promoting traits, such as IAA production, ACC deaminase, phosphate solubilization, chitinase, siderophore, and fungal inhibition activity showed plant growth-promoting activity with respect to various plant parameters such as chlorophyll content, fresh weight of plant, shoot length, nodule number per plant and average nodule weight per plant when co-inoculated with rhizobial bioinoculant Mesorhizobium sp. Zw-19 under N-free culture conditions. Among them, Bacillus pumilus Qtx-10 and Streptomyces bottropensis Gt-10 were excellent plant growth-promoting bacteria, which enhanced the seeding fresh weight by 87.5% and the shoot length by 89.4%, respectively. The number of nodules grew more than 31.89% under field conditions. Our findings indicate the frequent presence of these non-symbiotic endophytic bacteria within root nodules, and that they help to improve nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legume plants through synergistic interactions with rhizobia.

This study entitled Effect of Mycorrhizal Dosage and Watering Frequency on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seeds. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of watering and the right dose of mycorrhizal fungi in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) nursery techniques. In this study using a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors. The first factor is the frequency of watering (P) which consists of 4 levels: P1 = watering once a day, P2 = watering every 3 days, P3 = watering every 5 days and P4 = watering once every 7 days. The second factor was the mycorrhizal dose (M) which consisted of 4 factors: M0 = without mycorrhizal administration, M1 = 25 g mycorrhizal, M2 = 50 g mycorrhizal and M3 = 75 g mycorrhizal. Parameters observed consisted of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight of roots, dry weight of roots, fresh weight of plants and dry weight of plants. The results showed that the treatment of watering frequency significantly increased root wet weight and plant wet weight, but had no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, root dry weight and plant dry weight. Mycorrhizal dose treatment had no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight and plant dry weight. The interaction of watering frequency and mycorrhizal doses had no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, root wet weight, root dry weight, plant wet weight and plant dry weight.

Mitigation of negative effects of progressive soil salinity gradients by application of humic acids and inoculation with Pseudomonas stutzeri in a salt-tolerant and a salt-susceptible pepper

The production of organic spinach hasn’t been able to keep up with market demand, it is necessary to produce quantity and organic spinach. The research was carried out in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty, KH.A. Wahab Hasbullah University in February - May 2021. The purpose of this study was to aims to determine the effectiveness of giving mycorrhizae to spinach plants given various organic fertilizer compositions with the decomposer Trichoderma sp. The research design used was a completely randomized design, with five treatments and five replications. The treatments are; M0 (8 grams of mycorrhizae with 0% organic fertilizer as negative control), M1 (8 grams of mycorrhizae with 25% organic fertilizer), M2 (8 grams of mycorrhizae with 50% organic fertilizer), M3 (8 grams of mycorrhizae with fertilizer organic 75%), M4 (8 gr mycorrhizal with 5 grams of NPK fertilizer as positive control). The results are M2 treatment showed good growth in plant height (18.26 cm), the number of leaves (8.40 leaves), plant wet weight (3.65 gr), and root length (13.69 cm). Mycorrhizal spinach plants are effective in absorbing nutrients available in organic fertilizers 50% of the composition of the growing media, but less effective at 25%,75%, and NPK Mutiara 16:16:16 fertilizer. Organic fertilizers with local Trichoderma sp isolate decomposer are able to provide nutrients needed by spinach plants for their growth. The application of organic fertilizers with a composition of 50% to plants given mycorrhizae is possible to suppress the use of inorganic fertilizers.

This research aims to determine the effect of applying liquid organic fertilizer from gamal leaves on the growth and yield of kailan plants, as well as the best concentration of using liquid organic fertilizer from gamal leaves. This research was carried out for three months, from June to September 2023 in Wailan Village, Tomohon City, North Sulawesi. This research design used a Randomized Block Design with 5 concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer consisting of P0 (POC 0 ml/L water), P1 (POC 50 ml/L water), P2 (POC 100 ml/L water), P3 (POC 150 ml/L water), P4 (POC 200 ml/L water) and all treatments were repeated three times until there were 15 plots. The variables observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (pieces), leaf width (cm), plant wet weight (g). The data analysis method used is analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if it has a real effect it will be continued with the LSD test at the 5% level. The results of the research showed that giving Gamal leaf Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) had an effect on the growth of plant height, number of leaves and wet weight of kailan plants, and the best giving Gamal leaf POC was at a concentration of 200 ml/L water. Keywords : liquid organic fertilizer, gamal leaves, kailan

Mentha spicata L. or commonly known as spearmint is an herbaceous plant that has many benefits in this pandemic period, but land limitations that become a production problem can be overcome with the use of hydroponics wick system. This study aims to get the best combination treatment of AB Mix nutrients and planting media to the production of mint plant stems (Mentha spicata L.) in hydroponic wick systems. The research was conducted at the screen house of SMKN Pertanian Karawang, East Karawang Subdistrict, Karawang Regency in June to July 2021. The research method used is an experimental method with a randomized design group (RAK) of single factors consisting of 12 treatments with 3 repeats. The data is analyzed with a variety analysis and if the 5% F test shows a real different result, then continued with the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) test at the level of 5%. Paramater observed included plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), wet weight of plants (grams), and plant growth rate (cm/week). The results showed that there was a noticeable influence on the observation parameters of plant height aged 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 MST, the number of leaves aged 5 and 6 MST, wet weight of plants, wet weight of plants without roots and plant growth rate.