Abstract
Currently, global warming has been a serious issue, which is closely related to anthropogenic emission of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) in the atmosphere, particularly Carbon Dioxide (CO2). To help achieve carbon neutrality by decreasing CO2 emissions, Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) technology is becoming a hot topic in recent years. However, few findings have been reported about the implementation of OFC in dual-injection Spark Ignition (SI) engines. This work numerically explores the effects of Water Injection (WI) strategies on OFC characteristics in a practical dual-injection engine, including GDI (only using GDI), P50-G50 (50% PFI and 50% GDI) and PFI (only using PFI). The findings will help build a conceptual and theoretical foundation for the implementation of OFC technology in dual-injection SI engines, as well as exploring a solution to increase engine efficiency. The results show that compared to Conventional Air Combustion (CAC), there is a significant increase in BSFC under OFC. Ignition delay (θF) is significantly prolonged, and the spark timing is obviously advanced. Combustion duration (θC) of PFI is a bit shorter than that of GDI and P50-G50. There is a small benefit to BSFC under a low water-fuel mass ratio (Rwf). However, with the further increase of Rwf from 0.2 to 0.9, there is an increment of 4.29%, 3.6% and 3.77% in BSFC for GDI, P50-G50 and PFI, respectively. As WI timing (tWI) postpones to around −30 °CA under the conditions of Rwf ≥ 0.8, BSFC has a sharp decrease of more than 6 g/kWh, and this decline is more evident under GDI injection strategy. The variation of maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax) and combustion phasing is less affected by WI temperature (TWI) compared to the effects of Rwf or tWI. BSFC just has a small decline with the increase of TWI from 298 K to 368 K regardless of the injection strategy. Consequently, appropriate WI strategies are beneficial to OFC combustion in a dual-injection SI engine, but the benefit in fuel economy is limited.
Highlights
Carbon neutrality has become a desperate need to resolve the climate crisis, as it is closely linked to anthropogenic Greenhouse
Comparison of of θθ Besides, there is no significant difference in θC between Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) and Conventional Air Combustion (CAC)
This study systematically explores the effects of Water Injection (WI) strategies on OFC characteristics in a dualinjection Spark Ignition (SI) engine
Summary
The global warming crisis has apparently been a severe problem over the last few decades. The 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1998, with the 4 warmest years occurring since 2014 [1]. Carbon neutrality has become a desperate need to resolve the climate crisis, as it is closely linked to anthropogenic Greenhouse. Gas (GHG) emissions, Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) [2–4]. To help achieve carbon neutrality by decreasing CO2 emissions, a variety of new technologies have been developed 4.0/). Due to the relatively high cost and low torque output, these technologies are rarely utilised in non-road mobile machineries, such as vessels and boats. In order to realise zero CO2 emissions in conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) fuelled with fossil fuels, Oxy-Fuel Combustion (OFC) technology with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
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