Abstract
With increasing interest in the use of additive manufacturing techniques in the construction industry, static rheological properties of fresh concrete have necessarily come into focus. In particular, the knowledge and control of static yield stress (SYS) and its development over time are crucial for mastering formwork-free construction, e.g., by means of layered extrusion. Furthermore, solid understanding of the influences of various concrete constituents on the initial SYS of the mixture and the structural build-up rate is required for purposeful material design. This contribution is concentrated on the effect of aggregates on these rheological parameters. The volume fraction of aggregates was varied in the range of 35% to 55% by volume under condition of constant total surface area of the particles. The total surface area per unit volume of cement paste was equal to 5.00, 7.25 and 10.00 m²/L, conditioned on the constant volume fraction of aggregates. Both variations were enabled by changing the particle size distributions of the aggregates while holding the cement paste composition constant for all concrete mixtures. To characterise the SYS and the structural build-up, constant shear rate tests with a vane-geometry rotational rheometer were performed. It was found that in the ranges under investigation the variation in volume fraction had a more pronounced effect on the static rheological properties of concrete than did the variation in surface area. An accurate mathematical description of the relationship between the initial SYS of concrete and the relative volume fraction of aggregate based on the Chateau–Ovarlez–Trung model was proposed. Challenges in deriving a similar relationship for the structural build-up rate of concrete were highlighted.
Highlights
IntroductionTriggered by the speedy development of additive manufacturing technologies in the construction sector, static yield stress and structural build-up of fresh concrete come more and more into the focus of both scientists and practitioners [1,2,3]
Triggered by the speedy development of additive manufacturing technologies in the construction sector, static yield stress and structural build-up of fresh concrete come more and more into the focus of both scientists and practitioners [1,2,3]. This contrasts with previous decades, when the major interest was to understand and to shape such processes as mixing, pumping, filling formwork, and compacting, and in-depth investigations in concrete rheology were predominantly dedicated to dynamic properties
The effect of the volume fraction of aggregates on the structural build-up of concrete was studied under condition of constant surface area of aggregates per unit volume of paste, which was equal to
Summary
Triggered by the speedy development of additive manufacturing technologies in the construction sector, static yield stress and structural build-up of fresh concrete come more and more into the focus of both scientists and practitioners [1,2,3]. This contrasts with previous decades, when the major interest was to understand and to shape such processes as mixing, pumping, filling formwork, and compacting, and in-depth investigations in concrete rheology were predominantly dedicated to dynamic properties. Time intervals between deposition of subsequent layers should as well be relatively short to ensure sufficient adhesion between layers, avoiding of cold joints on one hand [2,10], Materials 2020, 13, 1551; doi:10.3390/ma13071551 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
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