Effects of urban migrants’ public services access on non-housing consumption under housing pressure in China

The accessibility of urban public health services is not only relevant to the health status of rural migrants but also plays an increasingly important role in their migration decisions. Most existing studies have focused on the effects of the level of public health service provision and parity on rural migrants' migration behavior, ignoring the role of public health service accessibility. This paper systematically examines the overall impact, heterogeneous impact and mechanism of action of public health service accessibility on rural migrants' intentions to migrate permanently based on data from the 2017 China Mobile Population Dynamics Monitoring Survey using probit, IVprobit, eprobit, omitted variable test model and KHB mediating effect model. It was found that: (1) public health service accessibility significantly increased rural migrants' intentions to migrate permanently, and the results remained robust after using instrumental variables to mitigate endogeneity problems and omitted variable tests. (2) Heterogeneity analysis shows that public health service accessibility has a greater effect on enhancing the intentions to migrate permanently among females and rural migrants born in 1980 and later. (3) Further mechanism testing revealed that public health service accessibility could indirectly increase rural migrants' intentions to migrate permanently by improving health habits, health status, identity, and social integration, with identity playing a greater indirect effect. The findings of this paper not only provide empirical evidence for the existence of Tiebout's "voting with your feet" mechanism in China but also contribute to the scientific understanding of the role of equalization of public health services in the process of population migration.

The effects of public service accessibility on migrant health can provide insights for local governments to optimize public service resource allocation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between public service accessibility and the health of heterogeneous migrant populations in China, as well as the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. Data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey were utilized, employing ordinary least squares, instrumental variable estimation, and mediating and moderating effect analyses. Findings of the regression analysis suggest a positive association between public service accessibility and better health outcomes for migrants, particularly for less educated migrants. Mediating effect analysis revealed that both public service equalization and efficiency significantly mediate the relationship between public service accessibility and migrant health. Enhanced equalization of public services was strongly linked to improved health outcomes among less educated migrants. In contrast, improved public service efficiency significantly benefit highly educated migrants. Moderating effect analysis showed that administrative hierarchy and public service expenditure preference negatively influence the effects of public service accessibility on migrant health. This diminishing effect is more pronounced among less educated migrants in cities with higher administrative hierarchies and among highly educated migrants in cities with a higher proportion of public service expenditure. This study highlights the relationship between public service accessibility and improved migrant health. Its findings suggest that optimized allocation of public service resources could enhance health equity in China's migrant population.

Networking is an effective way for public libraries to cooperate to optimize the development and utilization of their holdings. However, networking almost always requires expenditures beyond those provided for in existing library budgets-e.g., for on-line bibliographic searches and increased interlibrary loans. The problem is compounded by the fact that public library budgets generally are shrinking or remaining static. It is not surprising, then, that an increasing number of public libraries have determined to charge the end user for networking services. Such a policy has been criticized as contrary to the traditions of free public library service and equal access. The thesis of this paper is that the fee/free decision, though made at the local library level is frequently predetermined by the structure of state laws related to networks. The legal frameworks of New York and Wisconsin are compared to demonstrate this point. The paper also critiques prevailing theories to determine whether charges for netwo...

This research aims to analyze open government trends and policies in South Cotabato. A qualitative approach, the bibliometric analysis method, and the content analysis method were used in this research. Research data comes from Scopus, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, and South Cotabato policy documents. This research found 127 relevant articles, 683 citations, 13 h-index, and 24 g-index, which show that the South Cotabato open government study has a high impact and productivity. There are 2646 total link strengths, 668 occurrences, 103 topics, and 9 clusters in this study. Access information, public participation, open legislation, public access, public service, infrastructure, public monitoring, public information, information openness, and extractive are the topics that dominate. Meanwhile, potential research topics are public service, service quality, access, public information, communication, interactive, information openness, information quality, accountability, monitoring, and evaluation. Currently, South Cotabato is focused on commitments to open legislation, public participation in extractives, public monitoring of infrastructure, and access to information. These commitments have the potential to make South Cotabato more open.

The purpose of this study is to examine open government practices and policies in South Cotabato. In this study, bibliometric analysis, content analysis, and a qualitative approach were all employed. South Cotabato policy documents, Scopus, Web of Science, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, and other sources provide research data. The South Cotabato open government study has a high effect and productivity, as evidenced by the 127 related publications, 683 citations, 13 h-index, and 24 g-index that this research found. This study comprises 668 occurrences, 103 topics 9 clusters, and 2646 total link strengths. The subjects that predominate are infrastructure, public monitoring, public information, public participation, open legislation, public access, public service, and extractive. Public service, service quality, access, public information, communication, interactivity, openness, accountability, monitoring, and assessment are among possible research subjects in the interim. At the moment, South Cotabato is concentrating on promises related to open legislation, public involvement in extractives, infrastructure monitoring by the public, and information availability. South Cotabato might become more open as a result of these promises.

Understanding how citizens value e-government services is critical to the success of these initiatives. This paper describes the development of a model to identify factors that influence value judgments of citizens, utilizing two concepts from the field of decision analysis: means-ends chains and value-focused thinking. Based on the data of 210 responses, two instruments were developed to measure perceived e-government value. They were means objectives and fundamental objectives. What is important to e-government users are the fundamental objectives. Means objectives help to achieve the fundamental objectives. The study results suggested a 4-factor 20-item instrument that measures means objectives in terms of public trust, information access, public accessibility, and quality of services. The results also suggested a 4-factor 18-item instrument that measures fundamental objectives in terms of time savings, efficiency of service, service to citizen, and social awareness. The study also showed evidence of content validity, construct validity, and reliability.

While virtually all public libraries provide free Internet access to patrons, libraries seem to be reaching a plateau in their ability to meet demands for Internet access. Based on the findings of Public Libraries and the Internet surveys, the average number of public access workstations and the average connection speeds of Internet access in public libraries have stayed the same or slightly decreased in recent years. Further, more than half of libraries do not have sufficient connection speeds to meet patron demand, while staff, space, cost, and technical/telecommunications infrastructure issues prevent a great number of libraries from increasing the number of workstations or the connection speed in the library. Moreover, the US federal telecommunications and broadband policies require revision and updating. These findings raise serious questions about the ability of public libraries to continue to meet patron needs for Internet access. As a result of early public library commitment to ensuring public Internet access, patrons rely heavily on public libraries to meet their Internet needs. However, as demands for library computers and connection speeds continue to grow, there may be a drop in the quality of Internet services that public libraries are able to provide their patrons. It would also challenge the fundamental role of the contemporary public library in the community, as libraries have become so inextricably linked to the provision of Internet access. In addition, the survey data identify a range of implications regarding the policy environment in which public libraries offer their public access Internet services.

Public transport accessibility (PTA) is an essential index for evaluating the efficiency of urban public transport resource and public service. Improving public transport accessibility is considered as the most effective way of alleviating urban congestion and promoting urban sustainability. PTA can be divided into three types, which are access to stations, accessibility of networks and access to activities. This paper focuses on evaluating access to public transport service at stations, considering walking time to stations and waiting time for services at stations. Numerous studies have been carried out on evaluating the accessibility of public transport stations. When building accessibility evaluation model, rare has seen different public transport modes as an integrated system. Hence the topological structure and geometrical layout of the system are not considered. In this paper, factors like the configuration of the public transport system and the surrounding environment of stations are included for the evaluation. The centrality of station index (COS) is presented to describe the importance of stations in the integrated public transport system. The COS index is an improved combination of the gravity model and degree centrality index of the complex network. This index improves the degree centrality index by replacing the number of nodes with weighted connections between stations. By modeling public transport operation, configuration and surroundings of stations, a comprehensive public transport service accessibility index (CPTAI) is formulated to quantify accessibility at the community level. To compute this index, a network analysis model is firstly applied to find the nearest station for each point of interest (POI) by using ArcGIS desktop 10.2, and the transport service frequency at the nearest station is measured. Then Baidu Map API is employed to measure the impedance indexes between stations in the integrated public transport network. Activities covered by stations within a given distance are seen as the generation and attraction of trips in between the stations. Then a weighted gravity model and COS is presented to calculate the integrated service frequency (ISF) for each POI afterward. In the end, the index is converted to the community level, which is CPTAI. The experiment is carried out in Wuhan metropolitan area, Hubei, China. Smart card data (SCD) is utilized to evaluate CPTAI and examine the association between commuting trips by public transport and accessibility level within Wuhan metropolitan area. Experimental results show that CPTAI has a significant statistical association with trips by public transport.

The layout of public service facilities and their accessibility are important factors affecting spatial justice. Previous studies have verified the positive influence of public facilities accessibility on house prices; however, the spatial scale of the impact of various public facilities accessibility on house prices is not yet clear. This study takes transportation analysis zone of Wuhan city as the spatial unit, measure the public facilities accessibility of schools, hospitals, green space, and public transit stations with four kinds of accessibility models such as the nearest distance, real time travel cost, kernel density, and two step floating catchment area (2SFCA), and explores the multiscale effect of public services accessibility on house prices with multiscale geographically weighted regression model. The results show that the differentiated scale effect not only exists among different public facility accessibilities, but also exists in different accessibility models of the same sort of facility. The article also suggests that different facilities should adopt its appropriate accessibility model. This study provides insights into spatial heterogeneity of urban public service facilities accessibility, which will benefit decision making in equal accessibility planning and policy formulation for the layout of urban service facilities.

Understanding how public service accessibility is related to housing prices is crucial to housing equity, yet the heterogeneous capitalisation effect remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the spatial effect of public service accessibility on housing prices in rapidly urbanising regions. Here, we propose a novel methodological framework that integrates the hedonic price model, geographical detector model and the spatial association detector model to understand housing equity issues. The rapidly rising housing prices, vastly transformed urban planning and heterogeneous land use patterns make the urban centre of Wuhan a typical case study. High-value units of public service accessibility are concentrated in built-up areas, while low-value units are located at the urban fringe. The results indicate that larger public services have more significant clustering effects than smaller ones. Recreational, medical, educational and financial facilities all have capitalisation effects on housing prices. Both the geographical detector model and the spatial association detector model could identify the drivers of housing prices, but the explanatory power of the latter is greater and could enhance the validity and reliability of the findings. We further find that the explanatory power of the driving factors on housing prices obtained from the spatial association detector model is greater than that of the geographical detector model. Based on the spatial association detector model, the main drivers of public service facilities are accessibility to restaurants and bars and accessibility to ATMs. In addition, there are bivariate or nonlinear enhancement effects between each pair of driving factors. This approach provides significant insights for urban environmental development planning and local real estate planning.

This study focuses on the equity of spatial layout for public service facilities targeting different age groups and proposes a systematic analytical approach. The method mainly includes the following steps: (1) collecting spatial distribution data of population and various types of public service facilities for each age group; (2) establishing demand matrices for different groups regarding different types of public service facilities and calculating supply-demand density; (3) calculating the level of public service accessibility for different population groups at any spatial location; (4) introducing the Gini coefficient to assess the spatial equity of public service accessibility for different age groups; (5) evaluating whether the Gini coefficient meets the planning objectives and identifying areas with inadequate public service accessibility for optimization of facility layout. Choosing Hongkou District in Shanghai as a case study, the analysis process and results indicate the technical feasibility of the proposed method and its supportive role in public service facility planning. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of a systematic analysis perspective, the applicability of the methodology in planning decisions, and the enhancement of facility supply levels in weak areas.

In this study, there is an identification of a gap between what is expected and the actual reality in the efforts of the Tangerang district government in fulfilling the rights of persons with disabilities. This gap, which is called das sein and das sollen, encouraged researchers to make a thesis on the issue. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed description of the level of accessibility of public services available to individuals with disabilities within the Tangerang Regency local government. Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Berry (as cited in Hardiansyah, 2018: 63) propose that to assess the quality of service actually perceived by consumers, there are specific indicators of service quality that can be categorised into five categories of service quality, namely tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The results of this study have several points 1) Incomplete regulations or technical implementation standards for public services for persons with disabilities in the form of Tangerang Regent regulations as guidelines for the implementation of Tangerang Regency PERDA No. 11/2018 concerning the protection and fulfilment of the rights of persons with disabilities; 2) The attitude of government officials towards persons with disabilities The government is one of the important actors in the successful implementation of public service accessibility for persons with disabilities. 3) Attitudes of non-disabled people towards people with disabilities and people with disabilities towards non-disabled people In addition to the government as an important actor in the successful implementation of accessibility of public services for persons with disabilities, non-disabled people have an important part in the successful implementation of public service accessibility for persons with disabilities. Suggestions for the Tangerang Regency Government, especially public service providers from the executive branch, to immediately make a Tangerang Regent Regulation (PERBUP) regarding the fulfilment of the rights of persons with disabilities so that it can become a guideline and technical guidance for all public service providers.

The combined decentralisation of many firms and services and the increasing concentration of traditional public transport services in the main corridors of urban centres have made it more difficult for people to access jobs, in particular when residing outside these prime accessibility areas. This is the first national study within the context of Great Britain to examine whether better public transport job accessibility, modelled at the micro level of individuals, improves employment probabilities for people living in Great Britain. While previous studies have typically concentrated on US metropolitan areas, our study uses British national employment micro datasets to assess which urban and rural areas and population groups would benefit from better public transport services. In an important departure from most standard accessibility methodologies, we computed a public transport job accessibility measure applied nationwide and combined this with individual-level employment probability models for Great Britain. The models were corrected for endogeneity by applying an instrumental variable approach. The study finds that better public transport job accessibility improves individual employment probabilities, in particular in metropolitan areas and smaller cities and towns with lower car ownership rates and in low-income neighbourhoods. It further shows that mainly lower educated groups and young people would benefit from better public transport job accessibility. The findings in this study are important for policymakers in that they imply that, in particular, job seekers who rely on public transport services may benefit from more targeted public policies to improve their accessibility to employment and thereby their social mobility.

Addressing urban inequalities has become a pressing concern on both the global sustainable development agenda and for local policy. Improving public transport services is seen as an important area where local governments can exert influence and potentially help reduce inequalities. Existing measures of accessibility used to inform decision-making for public transport infrastructure in London show spatial disparities, yet there is a gap in understanding how these disparities vary across demographic groups and how they evolve over time—whether they are improving or worsening. In this study, we investigate the distribution of public transport accessibility based on ethnicity and income deprivation in London over the past decade. We used data from the Census 2011 and 2021 for area-level ethnicity characteristics, English Indices of Deprivation for income deprivation in 2011 and 2019, and public transport accessibility metrics from Transport for London for 2010 and 2023, all at the small area level using lower super output areas (LSOAs) in Greater London. We found that, on average, public transport accessibility in London has increased over the past decade, with 78% of LSOAs experiencing improvements. Public transport accessibility in London showed an unequal distribution in cross-sectional analyses. Lower income neighbourhoods had poorer accessibility to public transportation in 2011 and 2023 after controlling for car-ownership and population density. These disparities were particularly pronounced for underground accessibility. Temporal analyses revealed that existing inequalities with respect to income deprivation and ethnicity are generally not improving. While wealthier groups benefited most from London Underground service improvements; lower income groups benefited more from bus service improvements. We also found that car ownership levels declined in areas with substantial increases to public transport accessibility and major housing developments, but not in those with moderate improvements.

The level of public service accessibility differs by residential locations. Existing literature has documented the effects of public service accessibility on housing prices. However, few studies have examined how public service provision affects housing prices under the Chinese centralized governance system. Using data from different geographic scales, this study uses a multilevel research design to examine how public service provision is associated with housing prices in Shanghai. Results show that though the total expenditure at the urban district level is not related to housing prices, government redistributive expenditure is positively associated with housing price and the developmental expenditure is on the opposite. The expenditure effects are further mediated by the accessibility to public facilities at the community level. The findings suggest that, as public service accessibility has been capitalized into housing prices, the decentralized fiscal system with relatively centralized governance structure may have reinforced urban polarization in Shanghai.