Effects of thermal annealing on semi-insulating undoped GaAs grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique

Abstract

Recently, a number of studies have reported a correlation between variations in threshold voltage of field effect transistors and the nonuniformity of the luminescence efficiency of semi-insulating GaAs crystals grown by the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique. The changes in luminescence efficiency and subsequently the variations in threshold voltages were dramatically reduced by postgrowth annealing of the GaAs crystals under a variety of conditions. In this study, we employ the technique of spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) to carefully examine the changes in luminescence efficiency due to postgrowth annealing. In agreement with previous work, we find that the CL variations are greatly reduced from a factor of ∼2 to ∼5% by thermal annealing at 800 °C for 30 h or at 1200 °C for 6 h followed by slow cooling. The latter thermal treatment is the same as that experienced by crystals during growth by the horizontal gradient freeze (HGF) technique. The extremely uniform luminescence efficiency of HGF crystals is thus believed to be a result of the thermal treatment during growth. Using evacuated sealed ampoule annealing in the temperature range of 550–650 °C, we show for the first time that improvements in CL uniformity are a result of a diffusion process which involves an As vacancy. Due to the dependence on As loss, values of the diffusivity (D) depend on the surface conditions. Values of D=9×106 exp(−2.6 eV/kT) cm2/s and D=1×107 exp(−2.5 eV/kT) cm2/s are obtained for polished and as-cut surfaces, respectively.