Effects of Temperature and Food on the Flight Activity of <i>Eysarcoris aeneus</i>（Heteroptera: Pentatomidae）

We studied the development of the indirect flight muscles and reproductive organs in long-winged (macropterous) adults of the flightless bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) and the factors involved in flight muscles histolysis by means of total protein analysis. Both the extirpation of the corpus allatum, an endocrine gland that is the sole source of juvenile hormone, and sham operation accelerated histolysis and decreased the level of the total protein content of the flight muscles to the same extent. Degeneration of flight muscles was not a result of allatectomy but rather a consequence of injury, followed by resumption of enhanced food intake, because it was stimulated also by the removal of wings. Transfer of penultimate instar larvae to a diapause-inducing short-day photoperiod did not prevent imaginal growth and histolysis of flight muscles, but inhibited growth of ovaries in females and maturation of accessory glands in adult males. Thus inactivation of the corpus allatum in diapausing macropters does not prevent imaginal growth of their flight muscles. Application of a high dose of methoprene to the surface of intact long-day macropterous adults induced precocious histolysis of flight muscles and growth of ovaries in females and accessory glands in males. Prolonged starvation of macropterous adults had only a small effect on the histolysis of their flight muscles. The results indicate that imaginal growth and histolysis of indirect flight muscles in macropterous individuals of P. apterus are largely juvenile hormone-independent processes that are programmed to occur spontaneously, but can be affected by various internal and external factors.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 食物胁迫对翅二型丽斗蟋飞行肌和繁殖发育的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201401130098 作者: 作者单位: 中南林业科技大学昆虫行为与进化生态学实验室,中南林业科技大学昆虫行为与进化生态学实验室,中南林业科技大学昆虫行为与进化生态学实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金青年基金（31200494）；湖南省高校创新平台开放基金项目（12K068） Effect of food stress on flight muscle and reproduction development in a wing dimorphic cricket, Velarifictorus ornatus Author: Affiliation: Laboratory of Insect Behavior Evolutionary Ecology,Central South University of Forestry Technology,Laboratory of Insect Behavior Evolutionary Ecology,Central South University of Forestry Technology,Laboratory of Insect Behavior Evolutionary Ecology,Central South University of Forestry Technology Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:前期研究表明，在食物充足的条件下，翅二型丽斗蟋雌成虫长、短翅型间存在着资源投入和收益的权衡关系（trade-off）；而雄成虫长短翅型间不存在此类权衡关系。在自然条件下，昆虫可能遭受食物缺乏的胁迫，因而进一步就食物胁迫对丽斗蟋飞行肌和繁殖发育的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在食物胁迫的条件下，长翅雌虫仍维持飞行肌的发育，但繁殖发育受到显著的抑制；而短翅雌虫飞行肌显著降解，繁殖发育亦维持在较高水平。说明即使是营养缺乏时，其雌成虫长、短翅型也依然存在资源配置的差异，具飞行肌和繁殖发育的权衡关系。长翅雄虫飞行肌的重量与食物充足组并无显著差异，但精巢的干重显著降低；而短翅雄虫在食物胁迫条件下飞行肌显著降解，但其精巢重量与食物充足组并无显著差异。可以认为，丽斗蟋雄虫的长、短翅型间也存在飞行肌和繁殖发育的权衡关系。 Abstract:The cricket species Velarifictorus ornatus displays distinct wing dimorphism-individuals are either micropterous with much degenerate wings or macropterous with fully developed wings. In previous study, we found that there was a trade-off between flight muscle and reproductive development in female V. ornatus, but not in male, when insects were provided with sufficient food. However, insects may not be able to get enough food in natural condition, and suffer from food stress. Thus, we investigated effect of food stress on flight muscle and reproductive development of V. ornatus in this study to understand whether long-winged (LW) adults preferentially allocate limited resources in flight muscle development, while short-winged (SW) adults allocate them in reproductive development firstly. The results showed that food stress significantly suppressed flight muscle development of SW female, but did not affect flight muscle development of LW female. By contrast, ovarian development of LW female was inhibited dramatically by food stress, but ovarian development of SW female maintained at high level when food supply was reduced. It was suggested that there was a trade-off between flight muscle and reproductive development in female V. ornatus. Like the female, food stress also significantly inhibited flight muscle development in SW male, but not in LW male. Fresh weight of testis did not change significantly in both of LW and SW male when different amount of food was given. However, dry weight of testis was significantly decreased in LW male, while dry weight of testis of SW male did not change significantly when food supply was reduced. This result indicated that trade-off between flight muscle and reproductive development also existed in male V. ornatus. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

We investigated the accumulation of energy substances, dynamics of flight muscle development, changes in energy substances accumulation, and flight muscle structure after flight activities in female adults of the green lacewing Chrysoperla sinica (Tjeder), a common natural enemy of various insect pests in China. Virgin individuals were chosen at 24, 72, and 120 h after eclosion for energy substance determination and flight muscle observation in this study. Individuals with strong flight ability at 72 h after eclosion were selected for tethered flight assays, followed by detection of energy substances, and flight muscle observation. The results showed that virgin female adults had the highest fat content 72 h after eclosion. Sarcomere length and myofibril diameter changed significantly with age, with the lowest at 24 h after eclosion. With an increase in flight distance, the fat and glycogen contents, sarcomere length, and volume fraction of the transverse tubular system (T-system) decreased and myofibril diameters increased. The volume fraction of the mitochondria did not significantly change, but the structure of the mitochondrial membrane was destroyed, inclusions were reduced, and cavities appeared. The reserves of energy substances, especially lipids, are closely related to the flight ability of C. sinica. The observational results of both flight muscle structure and morphology of mitochondria build a strong relationship with flight behavior. This research should help reveal the regulatory mechanism of flight activity of C. sinica.

De-alation and its influences on egg production and flight muscle histolysis in a cricket ( Velarifictorus parvus) that undergoes inter-reproductive migration

Factors like larger wings, greater thorax mass, a higher thorax-abdomen ratio, more stored reserves, and lower wing loading enhance flight performance, movement and dispersal. This study assessed the flight activity of three species—Melanitis leda (both male and female), Apis dorsata (worker female), and Calliphora sp. (both male and female)—and evaluated their dorsolongitudinal flight muscle (DLM) and forewing area. Tethered technique was used to observe the flight activity. A. dorsata showed the longest mean flight duration (4.14 min), followed by male M. leda (2.30 min), female M. leda (1.42 min), female Calliphora sp. (1.35 min), and male Calliphora sp. (0.19 min). In M. leda, male flight activity correlated positively with forewing volume (r = 0.565) and negatively with DLM volume (r = -0.91), while female showed strong positive correlation with forewing volume (r = 0.925) and weak positive correlation with DLM volume (r = 0.274). In A. dorsata, flight activity slightly decreased with larger wings (r = -0.07) and DLM (r = -0.560). In Calliphora sp., male showed negative correlations with forewing (r = -0.328) and DLM volumes (r = -0.567), while female showed positive (r = 0.316) and weak negative (r = -0.089) correlations, respectively. These findings highlight the complex interplay between flight morphology and activity, offering new insights into the conservation strategies of different insect species. Bangladesh J. Zool. 53(1): 99-109, 2025

Flight muscle histolysis is a widespread strategy used by insects to break down functional flight muscle and modulate the energetic costs associated with flight muscle use and maintenance. The variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, undergoes histolysis during their transition between dispersal flight and reproduction. Despite the importance of histolysis on insect reproduction and fitness, the molecular mechanisms driving this flight muscle breakdown are not well understood. Here, we show that beclin-mediated autophagy, a conserved lysosomal-dependent degradation process, drives breakdown of dorsal longitudinal flight muscle in female flight-capable G. lineaticeps. We found that female G. lineaticeps activate autophagy in their dorsal longitudinal flight muscle (DLM), but to a greater extent than the neighboring dorsoventral flight muscle (DVM) during histolysis. RNA interference knockdown of beclin, a gene that encodes a critical autophagy initiation protein, delayed DLM histolysis, but did not affect DVM histolysis. This suggests that crickets selectively activate autophagy to break down the DLMs, while maintaining DVM function for other fitness-relevant activities such as walking. Overall, we confirmed that autophagy is a critical pathway used to remodel flight muscle cells during flight muscle histolysis, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying a major life history transition between dispersal and reproduction.

Triatoma infestans, the primary vector of Chagas disease in southern South America, is reported as a dimorphic species for flight muscle development and presents a marked phenotypic plasticity in traits related to flight. In triatomines, studying the relationship between flight muscle development and wing variation is important, since it involves flight capacity and dispersion. Therefore, we examined the association between flight muscle dimorphism and morphological wing variation in T. infestans individuals. We hypothesized that if the underdeveloped flight muscle were associated with a decrease in wing developmental stability, canalization and morphological aspect of wings, and with a loss of wing modularity, then wing variation would be associated with flight muscle dimorphism. Wing size and shape were characterized using geometric morphometrics. Patterns of canalization, developmental instability, and modularity were inferred from fluctuating asymmetry analysis of wing shape. Morphological aspects of wings were estimated using maximum wing length and wing area. The results showed that there are differences in wing shape but not in wing size among groups. Canalization and developmental stability were positively associated in individuals with muscle development and negatively associated in individuals with underdeveloped flight muscles. The covariance structure of variation among individuals was different between groups but not for fluctuating asymmetry, both for females and males. Modularity hypothesis related to the wing subdivision into two parts, a stiff part and a membranous one, showed significant association for the variation among individuals and fluctuating asymmetry variation in females with flight muscles. Wing aspect showed that females with flight muscles exhibited more elongated and thinner wings than those without flight muscles. The results obtained in this study reveal an association between flight muscle development and forewing variation in T. infestans. Females with flight muscles have certain differential characteristics in their wings that would be related to an enhanced flight performance.

Flight muscles polymorphism in a flightless bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.): Developmental pattern, biochemical profile and endocrine control

Allocation of resources to egg production and flight muscle development in a wing dimorphic cricket, Modicogryllus confirmatus

Oogenesis-flight syndrome in crickets: Age-dependent egg production, flight performance, and biochemical composition of the flight muscles in adult female Gryllus bimaculatus

The flight activity and flight muscle of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were observed. The Tethered technique was used to observe the flight activity in this study. The flight activity, and wing and flight muscles were compared between male and female melon flies. The results indicate that the female was relatively better and strong flier than the male. The mean duration of the flight activity of the females was 13.90 min/hour and of the males was 7.12 min./hour. The mean length, width, volume of wings of the males were 6.07 mm, 2.67 mm and 10.99 mm³, respectively. On the other hand, the mean length, width and volume of the wings of females were 7.07 mm, 2.87 mm and 15.60 mm³, respectively. In case of wing muscles, the mean volume of dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) in male and female was found 5.20 mm³ and 5.67 mm³, respectively. The mean length of flight wing muscle of male and female was 2.22 and 2.23 mm, respectively and the mean breadth of male and female was 1.65 and 1.77 mm, respectively.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 179-185, 2021 (July)

Flight muscle development in Locusta migratoria: Effects of implantation of corpora allata on the attainment of metabolic enzyme activities

ABSTRACT. Photoperiod is the primary factor controlling termination of adult diapause in the fungus beetle, Stenotarsus rotundus Arrow (Endomychidae: Coleoptera), in a tropical lowland forest. at 9d̀ N. An LD 13:11 h cycle stimulated rapid development of the gonads and flight muscles in both sexes: development was eventually initiated in an LD 12:12 h cycle but was slower. Beetles showed a graded response to intermediate photoperiods. Males consistently initiated gonad development earlier than females, but both sexes developed flight muscles at the same time. Moisture also influences development: oocytes and flight muscles developed more rapidly at high humidity than at the naturally prevailing low humidity during the dry season. Testis development was less influenced by humidity. In the field, male gonad development began in late January, suggesting that the beetle can perceive an extremely slight increase in daylength. Ovaries did not contain any visible oocytes before March, but oocyte development was apparent in all females by April. Egg maturation was completed after dispersal from the aggregation site. Females have larger corpora allata than males. These glands increased in size in March when oocyte and/or flight muscle development was initiated. The timing of full development of flight muscles varied slightly from year to year. Thus, the increase in daylength occurring during the dry season appears to be the cue primarily responsible for development of the reproductive systems and flight muscles. High humidity enhances this response and further prepares the beetles for an active reproductive period at the onset of the wet season.

Aedes aegypti females are natural vectors of important arboviruses such as dengue, zika, and yellow fever. Mosquitoes activate innate immune response signaling pathways upon infection, as a resistance mechanism to fight pathogens and limit their propagation. Despite the beneficial effects of immune activation for insect vectors, phenotypic costs ultimately affect their fitness. However, the underlying mechanisms that mediate these fitness costs remain poorly understood. Given the high energy required to mount a proper immune response, we hypothesized that systemic activation of innate immunity would impair flight muscle mitochondrial function, compromising tissue energy demand and flight activity. Here, we investigated the dynamic effects of activation of innate immunity by intra-thoracic zymosan injection on A. aegypti flight muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Zymosan injection significantly increased defensin A expression in fat bodies in a time-dependent manner that compromised flight activity. Although oxidant levels in flight muscle were hardly altered, ATP-linked respiratory rates driven by mitochondrial pyruvate+proline oxidation were significantly reduced at 24 h upon zymosan injection. Oxidative phosphorylation coupling was preserved regardless of innate immune response activation along 24 h. Importantly, rotenone-sensitive respiration and complex I-III activity were specifically reduced 24 h upon zymosan injection. Also, loss of complex I activity compromised ATP-linked and maximal respiratory rates mediated by mitochondrial proline oxidation. Finally, the magnitude of innate immune response activation negatively correlated with respiratory rates, regardless of the metabolic states. Collectively, we demonstrate that activation of innate immunity is strongly associated with reduced flight muscle complex I activity with direct consequences to mitochondrial proline oxidation and flight activity. Remarkably, our results indicate a trade-off between dispersal and immunity exists in an insect vector, underscoring the potential consequences of disrupted flight muscle mitochondrial energy metabolism to arbovirus transmission.

The water hyacinth weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae, is an effective biological control agent of the aquatic weed Eichorniae crassipes. The adults under field conditions have degenerated indirect flight muscles that explains their inability to fly. A study on the factors initiating flight muscle development in adults was carried out. Among the various abiotic factors studied, density of weevils per plant and high temperature in presence of food initiated and accelerated flight muscle development. Absence of food did not influence muscle development. No inter-relationship between flight muscle development and degeneration could be observed.