Effects of Seed Coating by Thiuram on Seed Survival Rate in Early-winter Direct-sowing Rice

Key messageA region containing three genes on chromosome 1 of indica rice was associated with cold tolerance at the bud burst stage; these results may be useful for breeding cold-tolerant lines.Low temperature at the bud burst stage is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting rice growth, especially in regions where rice seeds are sown directly. In this study, we investigated cold tolerance of rice at the bud burst stage and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the 5K rice array of 249 indica rice varieties widely distributed in China. We improved the method to assess cold tolerance at the bud burst stage in indica rice, and used severity of damage (SD) and seed survival rate (SR) as the cold-tolerant indices. Population structure analysis demonstrated that the Chinese indica panel was divided into three subgroups. In total, 47 significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with SD and SR, were detected by association mapping based on mixed linear model. Because some loci overlapped between SD and SR, the loci contained 13 genome intervals and most of them have been reported previously. A major QTL for cold tolerance on chromosome 1 at the position of 31.6 Mb, explaining 13.2% of phenotypic variation, was selected for further analysis. Through LD decay, GO enrichment, RNA-seq data, and gene expression pattern analyses, we identified three genes (LOC_Os01g55510, LOC_Os01g55350 and LOC_Os01g55560) that were differentially expressed between cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive varieties, suggesting they may be candidate genes for cold tolerance. Together, our results provide a new method to assess cold tolerance in indica rice, and establish the foundation for isolating genes related to cold tolerance that could be used in rice breeding.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 啮齿动物捕食压力下生境类型和覆盖处理对辽东栎种子命运的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201103270388 作者: 作者单位: 北方民族大学,北方民族大学 生物科学与工程学院,北方民族大学 生物科学与工程学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目 (30960087) Effects of different habitats and coverage treatments on the fates of Quercus wutaishanica seeds under the predation pressure of rodents Author: Affiliation: Beifang University for Nationalities,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在六盘山区的辽东栎灌丛和辽东栎次生林地 (以下分别称"灌丛样地"和"次生林样地"),研究了群落生境和清除凋落物、凋落物覆盖及土壤覆盖等处理对啮齿动物取食和搬运/贮藏辽东栎种子的影响。结果表明:(1) 凋落物和土壤覆盖处理在种子释放的前期阶段有利于种子留存,但释放40 d后,种子在释放点的最终留存率在灌丛样地显著高于次生林样地 (Z=-2.333, P=0.020)。灌丛样地的自然状态的种子最终留存率显著高于凋落物覆盖处理 (Z=-0.674,P=0.05),但其它处理间无显著差异;次生林样地的凋落物覆盖和清除凋落物处理种子的最终留存率为0%,自然状态和土壤覆盖处理均不足1%,各处理间无显著差异。(2) 种子被啮齿动物的就地取食率在不同群落生境间差异显著 (Z=-2.333,P = 0.020);在灌丛样地,凋落物覆盖处理种子被啮齿动物就地取食率最高 (45.56%),而次生林样地的土壤覆盖处理最高 (64.81%),种子被啮齿动物就地取食率在灌丛样地和次生林样地均为清除凋落物处理最低 (分别为23.70%和40.00%);生境类型和覆盖处理对种子搬运后的取食率均无显著影响。(3) 次生林样地种子被啮齿动物搬运后的埋藏率显著高于灌丛样地 (Z=-2.88,P = 0.004);在灌丛样地,土壤覆盖处理种子搬运后的埋藏率最高仅5.56%,而在次生林样地,清除凋落物处理最高达9.26%。(4) 种子被啮齿动物搬运后取食的平均距离在灌丛样地和次生林样地分别为3.01 m和2.13 m,差异显著 (Z=-2.080,P = 0.038),而种子搬运后埋藏的平均距离前者小于后者 (分别为1.35 m和2.10 m),两者间差异不显著。 Abstract:Quercus wutaishanica is one of the dominant tree species in warm temperate deciduous forest of China. The predation and removal / burial of the seeds by rodents play an important role in the creation of seed shadow of the tree species. The present study examined the effects of community habitats and the treatments of litterfall removal, litterfall coverage and soil coverage on the predation and removal / burial of Q. wutaishanica seeds by rodents in both degraded Q. wutaishanica shrubs and secondary Q. wutaishanica forest ("shrubs site" and "secondary forest site" hereinafter) of Liupan Mountains, northern China. The results showed that the treatments of litterfall and soil coverage facilitated the seed survival in the early of release, while the finial survival rate of seeds in shrub site was significantly higher than that of secondary forest site after 40 days since release (Z=-2.333, P=0.020). The final survival rate of seeds in control plot was significantly higher than that of those covered by litterfall in shrub site (Z=-0.674,P=0.05), but no significant difference was observed between other treatments. In the secondary forest site, however, the seeds could neither finally survive under the coverage of litterfall, nor did the seeds under the treatment of litterfall removal. The survival rates of seeds in both control plot and with soil coverage were lower than 1%. There was no significant difference between the treatments. We observed a significant difference between the two community habitats in in situ predation rate (ISPR) of Q. wutaishanica seeds by rodents (Z=-2.333,P = 0.020). The highest ISPRs were achieved under litterfall coverage in shrubs site and soil coverage in secondary forest site (45.56% and 64.81% respectively). The treatment of litterfall removal resulted in the lowest ISPR (23.70% in shrubs site and 40.00% in secondary forest site respectively). Both habitat types and coverage treatments did not significantly affect the eaten rate of seeds after rodent-removal. The burial rate of seeds after rodent-removal (BRAR) was significantly higher in the secondary forest site than in shrubs site (Z=-2.88,P = 0.004). For example, the highest BRAR for the seeds covered by soil in shrubs site was only 5.56%. In secondary forest site, however, the highest BRAR under the treatment of litterfall removal reached 9.26%. The average distance of seeds eaten after rodent-removal in shrubs site (3.01 m) was significantly higher than that in secondary forest site (2.13 m) (Z=-2.080,P = 0.038), while the average distance of seeds buried after rodent-removal in shrubs site was shorter than in secondary forest site, although no significant difference was examined between them. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Forest restoration is critical for meeting global objectives related to climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods. Recently, new technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (hereafter drones) have been promoted to support activities across the planning, implementation, monitoring and maintenance stages of forest restoration. Yet, there is little empirical data on how the development and application of drones are perceived by restoration managers and stakeholders and how drones intersect with existing forest social–ecological systems (SESs). Here, we investigate how drone tree planting initiatives in Australia can support ecosystem restoration. Through interviews and focus groups with key actors, we examine the opportunities and challenges that have been experienced or are foreseen with drone use. Opportunities included the ability of drones to access degraded sites that are difficult or unsafe to access on foot, for example, following bushfires, floods or landslides. They were also perceived to ease the labour shortage of bush regenerators in Australia. Drones were considered particularly useful when operating at scales of around 20–100 ha. Challenges included restrictive flying regulations that prohibit use of artificial intelligence to plot courses through complex terrain, their unproven ability to control or eradicate weeds and the uncertain supply, germination and survival rates of seeds—upon which drone‐based restoration relies. Drone use may also reduce the emotional, spiritual and cultural connections of people to the land, as compared to hand‐planting seeds or seedlings. We conclude by conceptualising how drone‐assisted restoration can be embedded within a forest SESs management framework. Ultimately, we argue that drones offer a ‘boutique’ restoration approach that supports, rather than replaces, traditional forest restoration techniques. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Kandungan senyawa bioaktif pada daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa) dan daun pisang (Musa paradisiaca) mampu mencegah serangan jamur pada telur ikan. Namun demikian, aplikasi kombinasi kedua bahan tersebut untuk mencegah serangan jamur pada telur ikan cupang (Betta splendens) belum pernah diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman telur ikan cupang dengan kombinasi konsentrasi daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berbeda terhadap daya tetas telur ikan dan daya hidup benih yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini berupa eksperimen yang terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dan 3 kali pengulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari perendaman telur ikan pada: perlakuan kontrol (tanpa ekstrak daun ketapang dan daun pisang), perlakuan A (100% ekstrak daun ketapang konsentrasi 20 mL L-1), perlakuan B (75% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 15 mL L-1 dan 25% daun pisang pada 5 mL L-1), perlakuan C (50% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 10 mL L-1 dan 50% daun pisang pada 10 mL L-1), perlakuan D (25% ekstrak daun ketapang pada 5 mL L-1 dan 75% daun pisang pada 15 mL L-1), dan perlakuan E (100% ekstrak daun pisang konsentrasi 20 mL L-1). Variabel yang diukur pada masing-masing perlakuan adalah daya pembuahan telur, daya tetas, kualitas, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih yang dihasilkan. Parameter kualitas air diukur secara berkala selama penelitian, meliputi suhu, pH, oksigen terlarut, amonia, dan nitrit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perendaman telur dalam konsentrasi ekstrak daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap semua variabel. Perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan B dengan persentase daya pembuahan telur, penetasan telur, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup benih yang dihasilkan masing-masing adalah 90%, 84%, dan 84,58%. Kombinasi ini dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar informasi dalam meningkatkan budidaya ikan cupang karena adanya kandungan flavonoid dan tanin pada daun ketapang dan daun pisang yang berfungsi dalam meningkatkan pembuahan telur, daya tetas telur dan kelangsungan hidup ikan.The bioactive compounds in ketapang (Terminalia catappa) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) leaves had the ability to prevent fungus infestation on fish eggs. Nevertheless, a combined application of these two ingredients to prevent fungus infestation in betta fish eggs (Betta splendens) has never been studied. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking betta fish eggs in different combined concentrations of ketapang and banana leaves on the fish egg hatching rate and resulting seed survival rates. This research was set in an experimental trial consisting of six treatments with three replicates. The treatments consisted of soaking the fish egg in: control treatment (without ketapang and banana leaves extracts), treatment A (100% ketapang leaf extract at a concentration of 20 mL L-1), treatment B (75% ketapang leaf extract at 15 mL L-1 and 25% banana leaf extract at 5 mL L-1), treatment C (50% ketapang leaf extract at 10 mL L-1 and 50% banana leaf extract at 10 mL L-1), treatment D (25% ketapang leaf extract at 5 mL L-1 and 75% banana leaf extract at 15 mL L-1), treatment E (100% banana leaf extract at 20 mL L-1). The measured variables in each treatment were egg fertilization rate, hatching rate, and quality, as well as the resulting seed survival rate. Water quality parameters were measured regularly during the study, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite. The results showed that the immersion of eggs in different concentrations of ketapang and banana leaf extracts had a significant effect (P<0.05) on all variables. The best treatment was treatment B, in which the percentages of egg fertilization, egg hatching, and the produced seed survival rates were 90%, 84%, and 84.58%. This study concludes that the combined use of ketapang and banana leaves extracts successfully increase egg fertilization, egg hatchability and survival rate of betta fish due to the presence of flavonoid and tanin compounds.

The present study was conducted at department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, during September to November, 2021 with the blackgram accession- IC-436524 obtained from NBPGR regional centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India and the check T9 was collected from ICAR-CRIDA Hyderabad. The present study aimed to estimate the mutagenic sensitivity of black gram accession- IC-436524 with Ethyl methane sulfonate. Accordingly, this study checked whether the mutagenic activity has been inherited to the next generation M2. Data analysis has been performed for the determination of significance in germination percentage, seedling length (cm), seedling vigor index, root length (cm) and seed survival rate (Day 1 to Day 15) that were observed to be highly significant (p<0.01) for above characters except root length (cm) for treatments. It clearly indicated that there was adequate amount of variability among the black gram mutant due to treatments. The collected data for 7th day observed that seed germination percentage was higher at 0.2% and 0.3% EMS treated mutants and lowest germination percentage was observed in 0.5% EMS treated mutants. Seedling length (cm) was recorded highest in 0.2% EMS treated mutants and lowest seedling length (cm) was recorded in control. Maximum seedling vigor index was recorded in 0.2% EMS treated mutants and lowest seedling vigor index was showed for 0.5% EMS treated mutants. Seedling survival rate data was recorded for 15th day showed higher in 0.2% EMS treated mutants. Data showed EMS has induced mutations during M1 generation and inherited to offspring (M2 generation).

Although masting in Southeast Asia is characterized by the interspecific synchronization of reproduction, little is known about the variation in regeneration strategies among sympatric tree species during major masting events. Herein, we examined the hypothesis that non‐abundant species achieve greater seed survival per seed production at the pre‐ and post‐dispersal stages by synchronizing reproduction with abundant species. During the masting event from May to September 2010, we installed seed traps in a primary forest plot of the Deramakot Forest Reserve, Borneo. To identify the possible causes of post‐dispersal seed mortality, we conducted a seed‐sowing experiment from September 2010 to July 2011 in a primary forest plot with high community‐level dipterocarp seed density and two surrounding secondary forests with low seed densities. An abundant species (Shorea multiflora) produced more seeds than other species and exhibited a lower survival rate during the pre‐dispersal stage. The ratio of aborted seeds was greater in species with greater seed production, while the ratio of seeds predated by insects was not, suggesting that resource limitations and/or greater inbreeding frequency may explain inefficient seed production. Interspecific variation was rarely observed for post‐dispersal seed survival rates. Our study highlights the density‐dependent variation in reproductive success between abundant and non‐abundant dipterocarp species at the pre‐dispersal stage. Non‐abundant species achieved greater reproductive success by synchronizing reproduction with the masting of abundant species, which might be an important mechanism for sustainability of rare species populations.

Extreme change in sea surface temperature that might be influenced by global warming has negative impact on the pearl shell farming in Kapontori Bay.This change occurred above tolerance threshold for pearl shell juvenile survival at 3-4 cm shell wide that caused its mortality.The study was conducted from 28 February to 28 May 2008 at the Kapontory Bay,Buton island. The research aimed to identify growth and survival of pearl oyster seeds(Pinctada maxima) on differences of depth level.This research is important especially for pearl farming development in Southeast Sulawesi waters,as a reference basis in an effort to improve seedling survival of pearl oysters that are highly vulnerable to extremechange in temperature conditions. The variance analyses showed that the depth levels did not significantly affect the survival rates of the pearl oyster seeds (P>0,05). However, based on depth levels,higher survival rates (96.67%)were found on the depth of 2 m.Some environmental parameters in relation to the growth and survival rate of pearl oyster seed were discussed in this paper. Keywords:Depth levels,survival rate, growth, pearl shell, Kapontori Bay

<p>Extreme change in sea surface temperature that might be influenced by global warming has negative impact on the pearl shell farming in Kapontori Bay.This change occurred above tolerance threshold for pearl shell juvenile survival at 3-4 cm shell wide that caused its mortality.The study was conducted from 28 February to 28 May 2008 at the Kapontory Bay,Buton island. The research aimed to identify growth and survival of pearl oyster seeds(Pinctada maxima) on differences of depth level.This research is important especially for pearl farming development in Southeast Sulawesi waters,as a reference basis in an effort to improve seedling survival of pearl oysters that are highly vulnerable to extremechange in temperature conditions. The variance analyses showed that the depth levels did not significantly affect the survival rates of the pearl oyster seeds (P>0,05). However, based on depth levels,higher survival rates (96.67%)were found on the depth of 2 m.Some environmental parameters in relation to the growth and survival rate of pearl oyster seed were discussed in this paper.</p> <p>Keywords:Depth levels,survival rate, growth, pearl shell, Kapontori Bay</p>

SummaryTall perennial grass species can be utilised as bioenergy feedstocks, but some are considered invasive species. Using biomass from such species as feedstocks for anaerobic digestion (AD) may introduce the risk of disseminating viable seeds onto agricultural lands during digestate application. To evaluate this risk, we investigated the survival rates of perennial grass seeds obtained from biomass species during AD. After removal from the digester, seeds were germinated and stained with tetrazolium chloride to determine viability. During three experimental runs, batches of 100 seeds from four species were exposed to 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h of mesophilic (38°C) AD within a commercial‐scale digester. Seed viability of Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis, Panicum virgatum and Solanum lycopersicum was reduced by 95% (LT95) after 29, 52, 98 and 105 h of AD respectively. Commercial digesters that utilise perennial grasses as a feedstock typically have retention times ranging from 240 to 1480 h, which greatly exceeds the LT95 values found in this study. Anaerobic digestion resulted in the rapid death of seeds in all species tested, suggesting unwanted dissemination of perennial grass species via digestate application to agricultural land is unlikely.

O bioma florestal mais característico do Sul do Brasil é a Floresta Ombrófila Mista, fortemente marcada pela presença da espécie Araucaria angustifolia. Entretanto, a exploração irracional e descontrolada desta espécie reduziu drasticamente sua área de ocorrência a 2% de sua área original. Assim, esforços devem ser feitos para auxiliar e promover sua regeneração natural, visando a sua preservação e o uso sustentável de seus recursos econômicos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a germinação, sobrevivência e predação de mudas e sementes de Araucaria angustifolia foi implantado um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no qual foram investigados os efeitos de dois fatores com dois níveis cada (tipo de plantio: puro/misto; material plantado: mudas/sementes), com três repetições, perfazendo um total de quatro tratamentos. Após 14 meses restaram 17% das covas ocupadas por mudas e 14% das ocupadas por pinhões; 60% das sementes germinadas foram consumidas pela fauna; o percentual de sobrevivência médio das mudas foi de 41,1% no plantio puro e de 20,0% no plantio misto. No tratamento misto, as perdas de sementes, devido à ação fauna, foram menores (42,2%) quando comparadas ao tratamento puro (68,9%); o contrário foi válido no caso das mudas

Low-temperature tolerance during the bud-bursting stage is an important characteristic of direct-seeded rice. The identification of cold-tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTL) in species that can stably tolerate cold environments is crucial for the molecular breeding of rice with such traits. In our study, high-throughput QTL-sequencing analyses were performed in a 460-individual F2:3 mapping population to identify the major QTL genomic regions governing cold tolerance at the bud-bursting (CTBB) stage in rice. A novel major QTL, qCTBB9, which controls seed survival rate (SR) under low-temperature conditions of 5°C/9 days, was mapped on the 5.40-Mb interval on chromosome 9. Twenty-six non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (nSNP) markers were designed for the qCTBB9 region based on re-sequencing data and local QTL mapping conducted using traditional linkage analysis. We mapped qCTBB9 to a 483.87-kb region containing 58 annotated genes, among which six predicted genes contained nine nSNP loci. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that only Os09g0444200 was strongly induced by cold stress. Haplotype analysis further confirmed that the SNP 1,654,225 bp in the Os09g0444200 coding region plays a key role in regulating the cold tolerance of rice. These results suggest that Os09g0444200 is a potential candidate for qCTBB9. Our results are of great significance to explore the genetic mechanism of rice CTBB and to improve the cold tolerance of rice varieties by marker-assisted selection.

This research presents an innovative genetic transformation protocol for marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.), a species of great significance in floriculture, impacting both yield and quality. The study introduces seed priming technology as a novel approach and evaluates its effect on the germination rate. The results indicate that the germination rates of pigmented marigold seeds were not significantly affected by Agrobacterium immersion under optimal conditions, although variations were observed in genotypes and treatment parameters. Optimal germination was observed at an optical density (OD600 nm) of 1.3 with a vacuum infiltration time of 10 min. The transgenic plants were confirmed through Basta herbicide resistance, Green florescent protein (GFP) fluorescence screening, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the GFP gene. After the treatment, the morphological assessments showed genotype-dependent variations in plant height and fresh weight, while the biochemical analysis revealed significant variations in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and root activities. Additionally, the study examined the efficacy of various scarification techniques on seed survival rate, and seed coat removal was found to be the most effective method for marigold transformation. These findings provide a robust foundation for optimizing genetic transformation methods to enhance marigold crop resilience and quality within the floricultural sector.

Two types of tagging methods, i.e., a 1 × 3‐cm tin tag attached to seed with a 10‐ to 12‐cm metal wire (total weight 0.32 g) and a 2 × 4‐cm white plastic tag fastened to seed with an identical metal wire (total weight 0.57 g) were used to study their effects on seed dispersal of Korean pine by small rodents. A total of 600 seeds were released to assess four main points: (1) difference in seed survival rates, (2) difference in caching behaviors of small rodents, (3) difference in dispersal distances, and (4) proportion of seed missing. The results demonstrated that seed removal for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds was faster than that for wire‐tin‐tagged seeds. There was no apparent difference in the proportion of seeds eaten in situ (42% and 52% for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds and wire‐tin‐tagged seeds, respectively). We found 41% and 1% of seeds were moved and hoarded for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds and wire‐tin‐tagged seeds, respectively. However, 2.33% and 14% of seeds were missing, and their ultimate fates were not known for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds and wire‐tin‐tagged seeds, respectively. We found the wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds easier to track than the wire‐tin‐tagged seeds due to the fact that the white plastic tags were more salient than the tin tags in field environments. The average dispersal distances were 4.11 ± 2.40 m and 3.01 ± 2.06 m for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds and wire‐tin‐tagged seeds, respectively, and showed great difference. Despite most being eaten in situ or after removal, 41% of seeds were cached for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds, much more than for wire‐tin‐tagged seeds. A total of 71 primary caches (123 seeds) were found for wire‐plastic‐tagged seeds, with the average and maximum cache sizes being 1.73 and 6, respectively. However, only three caches were found, and cache size was equal to one for wire‐tin‐tagged seeds. The above data suggests there is some uncertainty in different tagging methods to used track seed fates. Despite their effectiveness in helping to trace seed dispersal or movement by seed‐dispersing rodents, different tagging methods—including size, color, and mass—need to be fully understand in enclosure experiments .

The relay intercropping system for cultivating direct-seeding rice and winter cereal is a low-cost method particularly for double cropping, because it eliminates the steps of raising seedlings, paddling, and transplanting. However, in this system, the seedling establishment rate (SER) of rice is low and unstable. The objective of this study was to identify the factors affecting SER to highlight the ways to improve SER. Experiments were conducted in experimental fields in Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture in 2015 and 2016. To determine the time of rice seed death and to calculate seed survival rates, ‘Akidawara’ seeds were embedded in soil (depth: 3 cm) and dug up after defined periods. We then analyzed the correlation between SER and meteorological factors at two sites (Ibaraki Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture) over the same two years. Based on mean air temperature (MT), we divided the period from seeding to June 20 (when irrigation had been initiated in almost all the fields) into four phases. In Phase 1, the number of days with rainfall (≥5 mm) and soil-wetting days (water potential ≥ −100 kPa) were significantly and negatively correlated with SER. We found that most of the seed deaths occurred after germination, and the germination rates were presumably affected by water absorption during the low temperature phase. Further investigations are needed to understand the occurrences during the seedling emergence period. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors affecting variations in the SER of direct-seeded rice grown in the relay-intercropping system. List of Abbreviations: DSR: direct-seeded rice; SER: seedling establishment rate; TT: thiuram treatment; SSR: seed survival rate; DS: dead seeds; AGS: already germinated seeds; DSRI: direct-seeding of rice in the inter-row spaces of winter cereals; VWC: volume water content; WP: water potential

In this study, the seeds of Medicago truncatula are treated with plasma and plasma‐activated water (PAW), and the RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) of the seedlings is performed to analyze the gene expression changes. It is found that plasma treatment has no significant effect on seed survival rate, but PAW has an obvious lethal effect. Both methods result in the differential expression of a large number of genes in seedlings, and the expression of genes with the function of promoting plant growth and metabolism is significantly upregulated. The roots of seedlings in PAW group grow lateral roots. This study provides new ideas and experimental evidence for PAW plant culture research and has a guiding significance for leguminous plant breeding.