Abstract
Problem statement: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non- invasive procedure whereby a pulsed magnetic field stimulates electrical activity in the brain. Dyston ia is characterized by several disabling symptoms for which effective, mechanism-based treatments remain elusive. Approach: Consequently, more advanced non-invasive therapeutic methods were required. A possible method to modulate brain activ ity and potentially viable for use in clinical practice was rTMS. We focus on the basic foundation of rTMS, the effects of rTMS on neuroplasticity and sensorimotor integration and the experimental a dvances of rTMS that may become a viable clinical application to treat dystonia. Results: The findings showed that rTMS can improve some symptoms associated with dystonia and might be useful for promoting cortical plasticity in dystonic patients. These changes were transient and it is pr emature to propose these applications as realistic therapeutic options, even though the rTMS technique has shown itself to be, potentially, a modulator o f sensorimotor integration and neuroplasticity. Conclusion/Recommendations: Functional imaging of the region of interest could highlight the capacity of rTMS to bring about plastic changes of the cortical circuitry and hint at future novel clinica l interventions. We recommend further studies to clearly determine the role of rTMS in the treatment of these conditions. Finally, we must remember that however exciting the neurobiological mechanisms might be, the clinical usefulness of rTMS will be determined by their ability to provide patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders with sa fe, long-lasting and substantial improvements in qualit y of life.
Highlights
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles leading to abnormal twisting movements and postures
Dystonia is generally regarded as a pure motor disorder, due to a dysfunction in the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical motor loop (Berardelli et al, 1998), it is commonly preceded by sensory symptoms, such as, discomfort, pain, or kinaesthetic
Transcranial magnetic variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, for stimulation exploits the principle of inductance instance depression (Hoppner et al, 2010; Schonfeldt- discovered by Michael Faraday in 1838 (i.e., Lecuona et al, 2010)
Summary
1,2,3,4Sergio Machado, 5Oscar Arias-Carrion, 1,2,6Flávia Paes, 8Emmy Uehara, 3,4Bruna Velasques, 4,9Silmar Teixeira, 9Andre dos Santos, 4,9Claudio Queiroz, 9Jose Junior, 3,4,7Pedro Ribeiro and 1,2Antonio E.
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