Effects of pediatric syrups on surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion to restorative materials.

Background: Various fluids in the oral environment can affect the surface roughness of resin composites. This in vitro study was conducted to determine the influence of the mouth rinses on surface roughness of two methacrylate-based resin (nanofilled and packable composite) and siloraine-based resin composites. Materials and methods : Disc-sh aped specimens (12 mm in diameter and 2mm in height) were prepared from three types of composite resin materials: Filtek™ Z350 XT, Filtek™ P60 and Filtek™ P90.Thirty specimens were prepared from each composite type and subdivided into three subgroups (n=10 ) according to the type of treatment solution: distilled water (control), Listerine (alcohol-containing), Sensodyne Pronamel (alcohol free fluoride- containing). Each subgroup was immersed in 20 ml of treatment solutions and incubated at 37°C for 24 hr and then subjected to surface roughness test by profilometer .The resulting data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and LSD test at0.05 significance level. Results : The results of this study showed that both mouth rinses irrespective of the presence or absence of alcohol resulted in significant increase in the surface roughness of the tested resin composite materials compared to control with no significant difference between the two mouth rinses. Comparison among the three types of resin in each treatment solution showed that there was a statistically high significant difference in surface roughness between all subgroups Conclusion : Both alcohol-containing and alcohol-free fluoride containing mouth rinses cause highly significant increase in surface roughness of composite resins. Composite changes depended on the material itself rather than the mouth rinse solution used. Key word s : Composite resin, mouth rinses, siloraine, surfaces roughness.

Assessment of enamel surface roughness and hardness with metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets using different etching and adhesive systems: An in vitro study

Objective: The present in-vitro study aims to compare the effect of two hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents on the surface roughness of tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected for the study. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally into two equal halves, and each half was assigned to one of two groups based on the bleaching agent used. Group A was treated with Mani Bleach N Shine (35% hydrogen peroxide), and Group B was treated with SDI Pola Office Plus (37.5% hydrogen peroxide). Surface roughness of the enamel was assessed before and after the bleaching process using a calibrated contact stylus profilometer. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the changes in surface roughness within and between the two groups. Results: The findings revealed that there was a significant increase in enamel surface roughness after bleaching with SDI Pola Office Plus (Group B) compared to Mani Bleach N Shine (Group A). Group B exhibited a statistically significant increase in surface roughness, while no significant difference was observed in Group A. Conclusion: The study concluded that higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching agents can significantly increase enamel surface roughness. Further in-vivo studies and post-bleaching care protocols are recommended to ensure the long-term health of bleached teeth.

AimTo evaluate and compare the surface roughness and colour change of microhybrid and nanocomposite after exposure to beverages commonly used by children.MethodsThirty discs were prepared using Filtek Z250 and Filtek Supreme composites. Discs were immersed in distilled water, orange juice and Coca-Cola. Colour and surface roughness were measured at baseline and on days 15 and 30.ResultsFiltek Z250 and Filtek Supreme showed no significant difference in surface roughness and colour change at all measurement times. Immersion solution had a significant effect on surface roughness as well as colour change. Specimens immersed in Coca-Cola demonstrated the highest effect, followed by those immersed in orange juice, while specimens immersed in distilled water had the least effect. There was a significant increase in surface roughness and colour change over time. The change in colour was more evident in the period between baseline measurements and after 15 days. There was a significant interaction between media type and time.ConclusionsBoth composites showed no significant difference in roughness and colour change at all measurement times. There was a significant increase in surface roughness and colour change in all immersion solutions tested over time. Coca-Cola caused unacceptable colour change.

Increased surface roughness and discoloration of the direct restorative materials used in pediatric patients affect the longevity of restorations and impair children's oral health. Many factors can alter these properties. One of these factors is the intake of dietary supplements. It is crucial to predict the properties of restorative materials when exposed to dietary supplements to maintain the dental care of children. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of various syrup-formed dietary supplements on the average surface roughness and color stability of current restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. Seven different restorative materials (conventional glass ionomer [Fuji IX GP], resin-modified glass ionomer, [Fuji II LC], zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer [Zirconomer Improved], polyacid-modified composite resin [Dyract®XTRA], bulk-fill glass hybrid restorative [Equia Forte HT Fill], conventional resin composite [Charisma Smart], and resin composite with reactive glass fillers [Cention N]) were tested. The specimens prepared from each type of restorative material were divided into five subgroups according to dietary supplements (Sambucol Kids, Resverol, Imunol, Umca, and Microfer). These specimens were immersed daily in supplement solution over a period of 28 days. Surface roughness and color difference measurements were performed at baseline and at the 7th and 28th days. The color difference and Ra values showed that there was an interaction among the type of restorative material, type of dietary supplement, and immersion time factors (p < 0.05). Whereas lower Ra values were found in the composite resin group, the highest Ra values were found in the conventional glass ionomer group. All supplements caused increasing color difference values, and Resverol and Umca showed higher discoloration values above the clinically acceptable threshold. The intake of dietary supplement type, the immersion time of the dietary supplement, and the restorative material type affected the surface roughness and color stability of the tested direct restorative materials. All of the experimental groups showed higher Ra values than clinically acceptable surface roughness values (0.2 µm). The color difference values also increased with the immersion time.

The objective of this study was to compare changes in the surface roughness and color of 2 types of resin formulated for 3-dimensional (3D) printing and 1 resin formulated for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) following immersion in coffee solution or distilled water and subsequent brushing. Cylindrical specimens were 3-printed with standard or long-term provi-sional resins or milled from CAD/CAM resin blocks (n = 22 per material). After polishing, baseline surface roughness (Ra) and color parameters (CIE L*a*b* and CIEDE2000) were recorded. For 30 days, half of the specimens of each material (n = 11) were immersed in a fresh coffee solution for 3 hours, while the other half were immersed in distilled water. All specimens were then submitted to 16,200 brushing cycles to simulate aging, and surface roughness and color parameters were remeasured. The data were compared according to restorative material, immersion solution, and measurement time using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests, respectively, at a significance level of 5%. The surface roughness of the standard 3D-printed resin and the CAD/ CAM-milled resin increased significantly following immersion in distilled water (P < 0.05), but only the milled resin showed a significant increase in surface roughness after immersion in coffee (P < 0.05). For both 3D-printed resins, coffee immersion resulted in significantly greater color change than water immersion (P < 0.05). No significant color change differences among materials were observed after immersion in distilled water (P > 0.05). However, the CAD/CAM--milled resin showed significantly less color change than both 3D-printed resins following immersion in coffee (P < 0.05). The surface roughness of the long-term 3D-printed resin remained stable after aging. Immersion in coffee caused a more visible color change in the 3D-printed resins than in the CAD/CAM--milled resin.

Forensic study of mechanical properties of dental fillings after immersion in marine environment

Effect of simulated toothbrushing on the surface roughness of LOCATOR abutments: An in vitro study

Dental plaque has a harmful influence on periodontal tissue. When a porcelain restoration is fabricated and refinishing of the glazed surface is inevitable, the increase in surface roughness facilitates the adhesion of plaque and its components. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface roughness of glazed or polished porcelain on the adhesion of oral Streptococcus mutans. A total of 80 metal-ceramic specimens were prepared in the form of disks from two porcelain materials and divided into four groups according to the method of surface finishing. Surface roughness values (Ra-microm) for all specimens were recorded using a profilometer. S. mutans bacteria were isolated from saliva and all specimens were inoculated in test tubes containing a bacterial suspension allowing adhesion of the microorganisms to the specimens to occur. After incubation for 24 hours at 37 degrees C, the specimens were transferred to a sterile saline solution and an inoculum of 0.1 ml from each selected dilution was spread on the selective medium, mitis salivarius bacitracin agar (MSB). Bacterial counts, expressed in colony forming unit (CFU) taking into consideration the dilution factor, were recorded. There was significant correlation (p<0.05) between surface roughness values (Ra-microm) and the amount of bacterial adhesion (CFU x 10(3)). The glazed surface was the smoothest and exhibited the least amount of bacterial adhesion. A positive correlation between surface roughness and the amount of S. mutans adhesion was observed. The glazed porcelain surface was considered more biocompatible than other methods of porcelain surface finishing. Chairside adjustments of the cervical contour or occlusal surface of porcelain restorations are sometimes necessary before or after cementation. Ideally, an uncemented restoration should be returned to the laboratory for reglazing after all adjustments have been completed. It is important to evaluate various polishing procedures used for these adjusted surfaces to achieve a finished surface that as closely as possible approximates the quality of glazed porcelain.

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare and evaluate the surface roughness and microbial adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans after the finishing and polishing of three different denture base materials.Materials and Methods: A total of 84 samples of three different denture materials were used. The samples were divided into three groups: Group I (conventional poly methyl methacrylate), Group II (injection-molded polymethyl methacrylate), and Group III (injection-molded polyamide). Fourteen samples from each group were tested for surface roughness using an optical profilometer. Seven samples from each group were incubated in a suitable culture broth containing Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus separately for 48 hours. Microbial colony forming unit (cfu/ml2) was estimated in order to evaluate the microbial adhesion to the surface of the denture base materials. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was done to visualize the microorganisms.Results: The mean surface roughness of Group I was 0.1176± 0.04 µm, Group II was 0.0669±0.02 µm, Group III was 0.1971±0.02 µm. One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in the mean surface roughness values among the three groups (p < 0.05). Tukey HSD (honestly significant difference) test confirmed the specific differences within the groups. The results of colony forming unit showed maximum adherence in Group III samples among both the species followed by Group I samples and least in Group II samples. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed significant differences in microbial adhesion among both Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in the three groups (p <0.05). One-way multivariate ANOVA was performed to analyze the data obtained from confocal laser scanning microscopy. Microbial adhesion was least observed in Group II samples followed by Group I samples and the highest microbial adhesion was observed in Group III samples.Conclusion: Microbial adhesion was proved to have a direct correlation with the surface roughness of denture base materials. An increase in surface roughness (Ra) increases microbial adhesion.

Aims: To evaluate the influence of post bleaching diode laser irradiation on the surface roughness of bleached enamel. Materials and methods: Forty bovine teeth were prepared and then randomly divided into two equal groups (n=20) according to the in–office bleaching technique as follows: CB: Conventional in–office bleaching technique LB: Laser–assisted in–office bleaching technique. Each group was then subdivided into two subgroups (n=10) according to laser irradiation setting as follows: C2: Conventionally bleached followed by 2-Watt laser irradiation, C4: Conventionally bleached followed by 4-Watt laser irradiation, L2: Laser–assisted bleached followed by 2Watt laser irradiation and L4: Laser–assisted bleached followed by 4Watt laser irradiation. Surface roughness was assessed three times for all the specimens: before bleaching, 24 hours after bleaching and finally 24 hours after post bleaching diode laser irradiation by utilizing profilometer. Paired samples t–test and independent samples t– test was utilized for statistical analysis at p≤0.05. Results: Both bleached groups exhibited a significant increase in the surface roughness of enamel with no statistically significant difference between them. Post bleaching diode laser irradiation at 4Watt resulted in a significant increase in surface roughness of enamel, while 2Watt diode laser irradiation resulted in non–significant increase in surface roughness of enamel. Conclusions: In–office bleaching techniques had a negative impact on enamel in terms of surface roughness. Post bleaching diode laser irradiation at 2Watt power parameter is more preferred than 4Watt power parameter.

Effect of acidic pH on surface roughness of esthetic dental materials

BackgroundTo evaluate the impacts of various charcoal-containing whitening toothpastes on color stability and surface roughness of a supra-nanofilled composite resin.MethodsA total of 105 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated using a supra-nano spherical-filled composite resin and immersed in a coffee solution to induce staining. Color and surface roughness were measured before (T0) and after staining process (T1). The specimens were randomly allocated into seven groups (n = 15): a negative control (Distilled water, DW), a positive control (Colgate Total 12, CT12), and five groups treated with charcoal-containing whitening toothpastes: Colgate Optic White (COW), Curaprox Black Is White (CBW), R.O.C.S. Black Edition Whitening (ROCS), Ipana 3D White (IPW), and Signal Nature Elements Charcoal (SNE). Brushing was performed using an electric toothbrush three times per day for 30s over a two-week period, followed by final color and surface roughness measurements (T2). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, Tukey’s HSD, Tamhane’s T2, and Dunn’s tests (p < 0.05).ResultsColor alterations (ΔE00) in all groups treated with charcoal-based whitening toothpastes exceeded the clinical acceptability threshold. However, no statistically significant differences in ΔE00 were noted among these groups (p > 0.05).The SNE group exhibited significantly higher ∆b values than the COW and CBW groups (p < 0.05), while the CBW group presented considerably lower ΔL values than the COW, IPW, and SNE groups (p < 0.05). A significant increase in surface roughness ​​was detected in all groups exposed to charcoal-based whitening toothpastes (p < 0.05),with statistically significant variations observed among groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionsCharcoal-containing whitening toothpastes effectively reduced coffee-induced discoloration on composite resin surface while causing a significant increase in surface roughness. The toothpastes used exhibited similar effects on color change but showed variations in surface roughness among groups.

Background: Alterations in the microhardness and roughness are commonly used to analyze the possible negative effects of bleaching products on restorative materials. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of in-office bleaching (SDI pola office +) on the surface roughness and micro-hardness of four newly developed composite materials (Z350XT –nano-filled, Z250XT-nano-hybrid, Z250-mico-hybrid and Silorane-silorane based). Materials and methods: Eighty circular samples with A3 shading were prepared by using Teflon mold 2mm thickness and 10mm in diameter. 20 samples for each material, 10 samples for base line measurement (surface roughness by using portable profillometer, and micro-hardness by usingDigital Micro Vickers Hardness Tester), and 10 samples for after bleaching measurement. The appropriate bleaching procedure was performed on the top surface of test groups for 90 minutes total bleaching period. Then surface roughness and hardness were tested at the end of the duration. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA, LSD and t-test. Results: There was a highly significant increase in surface roughness of all tested groups after bleaching. There is a highly significant increase in micro-hardness for Z250, there is decrease in Micro-hardness for siloraneand Z250xt and there is a non-significant increase in micro-hardness of Z350xt. Conclusion: bleaching has a negative effect on surface roughness of all the tested materials, as surface roughness increased after bleaching. Micro-hardness is a material dependent, there is different reaction to bleaching depending on the resin, load and size of the fillers used in the materials. Nano-filled composite is the material that has better performance than the other tested materials, as it is the material that has the least affection by bleaching.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the surface properties of four composite materials with different organic contents and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) adhesion to the surfaces after 4 h. TCD-based (CT; Charisma Topaz), Bis-GMA-based (ESQ; Estelite Sigma Quick), UDMA-based (GA;G-aenial Anterior), ormocer-based composites (AF;Admira Fusion) were selected. Polystyrene was used as a control group. Fifteen cylindrical specimens (10 mm diameter × 2 mm depth) were prepared for each group. Surface roughness (SR) was investigated with AFM. Hydrophobicity and surface free energy (SFE) was determined by the sessile drop method. Early adhesion of S. mutans on the materials were evaluated by optical density readouts on a spectrophotometer. Surface morphology and S. mutans bacterial adhesion (SMBA) were examined using SEM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett (p < 0.001), and Tukey tests (p < 0.05).Spearman’s rho coefficient was used to investigate the correlation between SR and SMBA. There was a statistically significant difference between the test groups in terms of SR (p < 0.05).AF showed the highest roughness value while ESQ showed the lowest. No statistically significant difference was observed between the test groups in terms of total SFE and hydrophobicity (p > 0.05) while a statistically significant difference was obtained between the test groups in terms of surface SMBA (p < 0.05).The highest SMBA was observed in GA while ESQ showed the lowest. There was a significant correlation between SMBA and SR in the AF (r = 0.929; p = 0.001), CT (r = 0.976; p = 0.001) and ESQ(r = 0.731; p = 0.040).There is a correlation between the SR of composite materials with different organic contents and SMBA. It can be stated that the Bis-GMA based composite material has clinically acceptable physical properties due to its low SR and S. mutans adhesion.