Abstract
To what extent do survey nonresponse and coverage problems bias estimates of physical activity? Research has focused on social desirability as a cause of observed bias but there are relatively few studies of nonresponse and coverage. I analyze data from a survey designed to allow estimation of nonresponse bias using a two-phase sampling design that resamples nonrespondents from an initial wave of telephone and IVR (interactive voice response) interviewing for follow-up face-to-face interviews. Both initial and nonresponse interview waves included measures of physical activity frequency and duration. Estimates are compared between first-round respondents and those from follow-up interviews of nonrespondents, accounting for mode and other design elements. Telephone, but not IVR, interviews were found to include bias from two sources. Findings suggest that coverage is a cause of bias in the measure of frequency of physical activity but nonresponse may bias the measure of physical activity duration.
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