Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites detected in many agricultural commodities and water-damaged indoor environments. Susceptibility to mucosal infectious diseases is closely associated with immune dysfunction caused by mycotoxin exposure in humans and other animals. Many mycotoxins suppress immune function by decreasing the proliferation of activated lymphocytes, impairing phagocytic function of macrophages, and suppressing cytokine production, but some induce hypersensitive responses in different dose regimes. The present review describes various mycotoxin responses to infectious pathogens that trigger mucosa-associated diseases in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of humans and other animals. In particular, it focuses on the effects of mycotoxin exposure on invasion, pathogen clearance, the production of cytokines and immunoglobulins, and the prognostic implications of interactions between infectious pathogens and mycotoxin exposure.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are natural, low-molecular-weight secondary fungal metabolites that are detected in various agricultural commodities and humid indoor environments, such as water-damaged buildings [1,2,3,4].Exposure to mycotoxins in human and animals affects the host immune responses to infectious agents
Combined exposure to fumonisin B1 (FB1) (≤200 mg/kg, in vivo) and moniliformin (≤100 mg/kg, in vivo) reduces pathogenic E. coli clearance in poultry [74]
Necrotic enteritis lesions are mainly distributed in the duodenum and jejunum; these are the major absorption sites for DON, which affects the functions of the proximal part of the intestinal tract by reducing villus height in the duodenum
Summary
Mycotoxins are natural, low-molecular-weight secondary fungal metabolites that are detected in various agricultural commodities and humid indoor environments, such as water-damaged buildings [1,2,3,4]. Exposure to mycotoxins in human and animals affects the host immune responses to infectious agents. Various immune-related organs or tissues are impaired by mycotoxins, which alters the susceptibility to the pathogens. Mycotoxins themselves alter the virulence of the infectious pathogens, leading to changes in the toxicity and invasiveness of the microbes in diverse organs or immune cells [5,6]. The present review examines the interaction between mycotoxins and mucosa-associated pathogenic bacteria or viruses; this interaction exerts detrimental effects on target organs or cells by altering physiological or immunological conditions. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the crucial roles of mycotoxins (including deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, T-2 toxin, aflatoxin, and ochratoxin) in the pathogenesis of mucosa-associated pathogens and their related mucosal disorders
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