Abstract
We examined the effects of meal timing on postprandial glucose metabolism, including the incretin response and metabolites in healthy adults. Nineteen healthy young men completed two trials involving blood collection in a fasting state and at 30, 60 and 120 min after meal provision in a random order: (1) morning (~0900 h) and (2) evening (~1700 h). The blood metabolome of eight participants was analyzed using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Postprandial glucose concentrations at 120 min (p = 0.030) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide concentrations (p = 0.005) at 60 min in the evening trials were higher than those in the morning trials. The incremental area under the curve values of five glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and nucleotide-related metabolites and 18 amino acid-related metabolites were higher in the morning trials than those in the evening trials (p < 0.05). Partial least-squares analysis revealed that the total metabolic change was higher in the morning. Our study demonstrates that a meal in the evening exacerbates the state of postprandial hyperglycemia in healthy adults. In addition, this study provides insight into the difference of incretion and blood metabolites between breakfast and dinner, indicating that the total metabolic responses tends to be higher in the morning.
Highlights
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease [1,2,3]
These findings indicate that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) play an important role in mediating the differences in postprandial glucose metabolism between morning and evening
The concentrations of GIP (p = 0.001) and GLP-1 (p = 0.041) at the fasting state were higher in the evening trials than those in the morning trials (Figure 2)
Summary
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease [1,2,3]. Meal timing has been suggested to be an important factor regulating glucose tolerance, including insulin sensitivity, with elevated postprandial glucose levels reported to be higher in the evening than in the morning [4,5,6]. Glucose metabolism including incretins was found to become worse in the afternoon in both normal glucose-tolerant subjects and in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance [14]. These findings indicate that GIP and GLP-1 play an important role in mediating the differences in postprandial glucose metabolism between morning and evening
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