Abstract
The impact of exposure to free feeding concentrations of triflumezopyrim to the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, in maximum residue tolerances for 56 days was investigated to understand whether triflumezopyrim, a novel neonicotinoid, poses unacceptable risks to the environment. Our results demonstrated that neither 0.5 μg/ml nor 0.2 μg/ml triflumezopyrim have a significant impact on the growth of the S. invicta colony and their food consumption (sugar water and locusts) during the length of treatment. While both 0.5 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml triflumezopyrim improved the grasping ability of S. invicta, and 0.5 μg/ml not 0.2 μg/ml triflumezopyrim increased their rate of locomotion. In addition, although 0.5 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml triflumezopyrim increased their individual aggressiveness index, the probability of the survival of S. invicta was not impacted by triflumezopyrim treatments in aggressive group encounters. This study suggests that triflumezopyrim did not have a negative impact on the fitness of S. invicta at 0.5 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml exposures.
Highlights
Neonicotinoids are insecticides that act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of insects; it exhibits good activity on sent hopper controap-sucking pests and comprises over 30% of insecticide sales in the world (Hladik, Main & Goulson, 2018; Ihara & Matsuda, 2018)
Effect of triflumezopyrim on S. invicta colony growth There is no significant difference in the survival of S. invicta colonies among 0.5 mg/ml triflumezopyrim, 0.2 mg/ml triflumezopyrim, and the control
Our study showed that 0.2 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml triflumezopyrim, which are near the tolerance levels for the residue of triflumezopyrim in rice grains and hulls, does not have a negative effect on the colony growth and food consumption of fire ants after 56 day of exposure
Summary
Neonicotinoids are insecticides that act on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of insects; it exhibits good activity on sent hopper controap-sucking pests and comprises over 30% of insecticide sales in the world (Hladik, Main & Goulson, 2018; Ihara & Matsuda, 2018). The negative impact of neonicotinoids on non-target organisms at their sublethal concentrations is of increasing concern (Butcherine et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2018). Research has shown that neonicotinoids have adverse impacts on pollinator insects, especially honeybees, and three types of this chemical are currently banned from the European Union, including imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin (Ihara & Matsuda, 2018; Pisa et al, 2015). Novel neonicotinoids were developed including sulfoxaflor, flupyradifurone and triflumezopyrim. Researchers have considered the safety of these new neonicotinoids over other neonicotinoids for non-target insects, especially honeybees. Researchers have considered the safety of these new neonicotinoids over other neonicotinoids for non-target insects, especially honeybees. Pan, Lu & Wang (2017) found that 1.0 mg/ml sulfoxaflor reduced aggressiveness, colony growth, and food consumption of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, while Siviter et al (2019) found that acute
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