Abstract
A large fraction of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cod fillet is present in the form of phospholipids (PLs). Freezing initiates hydrolysis of the PLs present in the fillet. Here, we compared the effects of Western diets based on frozen cod, fresh cod or pork with a diet based on casein in male C57BL/6J mice fed for 12 weeks at thermoneutrality. Diets based on fresh cod contained more PL-bound n-3 PUFAs (3.12 mg/g diet) than diets based on frozen cod (1.9 mg/g diet). Mice fed diets containing pork and fresh cod, but not frozen cod, gained more body and fat mass than casein-fed mice. Additionally, the bioavailability of n-3 PUFAs present in the cod fillets was not influenced by storage conditions. In a second experiment, diets with pork as the protein source were supplemented with n-3 PUFAs in the form of PL or triacylglycerol (TAG) to match the levels of the diet containing fresh cod. Adding PL-bound, but not TAG-bound, n-3 PUFAs, to the pork-based diet increased body and fat mass gain. Thus, supplementation with PL-bound n-3 PUFAs did not protect against, but rather promoted, obesity development in mice fed a pork-based diet.
Highlights
The changing of dietary patterns represents a tool to curb the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]
We investigated whether PL-bound n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) supplemented at a level comparable to that in fresh cod are able to affect the development of obesity and steatosis in mice fed Western diets
The present study in mice provides surprising evidence that frozen storage of cod modulates the ability of cod intake to attenuate obesity development when incorporated into a Western diet
Summary
The changing of dietary patterns represents a tool to curb the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes [1]. Epidemiological studies have indicated that the intake of dairy and plant-derived protein as well as protein from various seafood sources is associated with protection against obesity development, whereas a high intake of meat protein predicts higher weight gain [1,2]. In line with these findings, C57BL/6J mice fed a Western diet (40% of energy as fat, 44% of energy as carbohydrates and 16% of energy as protein) containing a mixture of lean seafood had lower adiposity than mice fed a Western diet containing a mixture of skinless chicken breast fillet, pork tenderloin and beef sirloin [3]. The analysis of a second group of pork-fed mice
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