Abstract
The GLEAMS simulation model (version 2.03) was used to analyse the experimental results presented in M. Borin et al., 1996 (M. Borin C. Giupponi and F. Morari, 1996. Effects of four cultivation systems for maize crop on nitrogen leaching in shallow water. 1. Field experiment. Eur. J. Agron., 5: 295–306) and to derive useful indications on the environmental impacts of the four maize cultivation systems. On the basis of a first test it was found necessary to introduce in the model a subroutine to represent the phenomenon of crack flow (water movement through soil cracks). The modified model (GLEAMS-CF), tested on the experimental data, demonstrated better capability of simulating the field water balance and the nitrogen leaching and was therefore used to simulate the most probable long-term nitrogen leaching that would occur in the various cultivation systems. This was done using a 100-year record created using a climate simulator. This exercise revealed a wide variation in nitrogen leaching caused by the four different cultivation systems studied. Average simulated nitrogen leaching in the four systems were: 85 (system A), 42 (system B), 20.4 (system C) and 19.8 kg ha −1 year −1 (system D).
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