Abstract
Hard carbon (HC) is the most feasible anode for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). However, HC electrodes suffer from low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), poor rate capability and cyclic instability. Here, a systematic investigation was carried out to understand the effect of Na salt, esters-based solvent and concentration on the electrochemical performance of hard carbon spheres (HCSs) electrodes. Based on the experimental results, 2 M NaTFSI/DC:DMC electrolyte delivers the best initial reversible capacities of 332 mAh·g−1, high ICE of 83.5% and excellent electrochemical stability of 90% after 100 cycles at 0.1C and 80% after 300 cycles at 1C. In addition, the drastic capacity fading phenomenon of HCSs electrode occurs in ultrahigh concentration electrolyte (5 M NaTFSI/EC:DMC) after cycles, and this drastic capacity fading mechanism is revealed by the ex-situ strategies of the Raman, SEM and capacity-recovery experiment. The proposed moderate concentrated electrolyte and failure mechanism of ultrahigh concentration electrolyte for HC electrode provide further insights in developing preferable electrolyte for NIBs.
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